nm3clol-public/Cumberland_Plateau_Planning_District_Commission/Comprehensive-Development-Plan-Russell-County-Virginia/README.md

---
type: document
title: Comprehensive-Development-Plan-Russell-County-Virginia
file: ../Comprehensive-Development-Plan-Russell-County-Virginia.pdf
tags:
  - Cumberland_Plateau_Planning_District_Commission
docDate: null
contentType: application/pdf
contentLength: 13550089
sha256sum: 132ea196e3b27b1b80708fc1106cf2982a4cb6b2af240c0c8326de6a20e7ca96
sha1sum: 51a628ce5305ceef0ac71b8807d5dc76272174de
---

COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

RUSSELL COUNTY, VIRGINIA

2010

RUSSELL COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS

JULY, 2010

                           PREPARED BY

RUSSELL COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION

              ASSISTED BY

                        MAXIM ENGINEERING, INC.

                                      CUMBERLAND PLATEAU PLANNING DISTRICT

                                                                      COMMISSION 

COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
RUSSELL COUNTY, VIRGINIA

2010

RUSSELL COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS
JULY, 2010

PREPARED BY

RUSSELL COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION
ASSISTED BY

MAXIM ENGINEERING, INC.

CUMBERLAND PLATEAU PLANNING DISTRICT
COMMISSION




~

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Russell County, Virginia

>ERVISORS
Mike Puckett- Chairman Bob Keene - Honaker
Danny Brown - Vice Chairman Earnest Kennedy - Castlewood
Jon Bowerbank - At-Large Billy Wayne Wampler - Lebanon
01 iG CO}

Kirby Meadows - Chairman
Roger Sword - Secretary
Harry Ferguson - Advisor

Don Cross Wayne Young
Greg Stoots John Mason

Jack Compton Billy Wayne Wampler
Andy Smith Charles Edmonds
Linda Cross

County Administrator
Jim Gillespie

ASSISTANCE PROVIDED B'

Maxim Engineering, Inc.
Cumberland Plateau PDC

This plan was prepared with cooperation and assistance of the members of the Russell County
Planning Commission, County Staff. County Agencies, Regional Agencies, State Agencies,
Federal Agencies, Non-Profit Organizations and Project Consultants. The Plan was certified by
the Planning Commission July 6,2010 and adopted by the Board of Supervisors July 6, 2010
following a Joint Public Hearing per Code of Virginia 15.2-2204 held July 6, 2010.




RESOLUTION of CERTIFICATION

WHEREAS, the Commonwealth of Virginia requires thet every County, City and Town
in the Commonwealth have a Comprehensive Plan, and

WHEREAS, the Russell County Comprehensive Plan was adopted in the early 70's and
last amended in 1999, and

WHEREAS, the Code of Virginia requires that the Comprehensive Plan be reviewed at
Teast every five years, and

WHEREAS, the Russell County Planning Commission decided in 2008 that the Russell
County Comprehensive Plan needed an extensive and comprehensive review, and

WHEREAS, the Planning Commission began to meet monthly with its consultant on the
Comprehensive Review starting in January 2009, and

WHEREAS, the Towns of Honaker and Cleveland each requested that the County's
Comprehensive Plan also include the Towns of Honaker and Cleveland, and

WHEREAS, the Planning Commission subsequent to “careful and comprehensive
surveys” has formulated its Conclusions and Recommendations, and

WHEREAS, further analysis will be conducted upon receiving the data from the 2010
census, and

WHEREAS, Local and Regional agencies, departments and organizations have been
formally invited to review and comment on the Conclusions and Recommendations, and

WHEREAS, citizens have been invited to attend three separately advertized and
conducted public meetings, and

WHEREAS, based on comments received from the citizens and others the Planning
Commission has approved changes to the Plan, and

WHEREAS, a joint public heating (Russell County Board of Supervisors, Russell
County Planning Commission) has been authorized, advertized and properly conducted, now

‘THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVE, that the Russell County Planning Commission has met
the requirements of Title 15.2 - 2223 of the Code of Virginia 1950 as amended, and

BEIT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Russell County Planning Commission doth
hereby and hereon certify this Russell County Comprehensive Development Plan to the Russell
County Board of Supervisors, and

BE JT FINALLY RESOLVED, that the Russell County Planning Commission doth
hereby and hereon recommend its adoption,

Adopted: — uly_G_, 2010 Attest: July ZZ, 2010

LL Ayes 0 Nays

Signed: fielia Nerdle
irby Meddows, Chairman Roger Sword, S





ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Russel! County, Virginia

BOARD OF SUPERVISORS

Jon Bowerbank - Chairman R. Joseph Puckett — Vice Chairman
Robert H. “Bob” Gibson - District 1 Emest Kennedy - District 2

Larry W. Rasnake - District 3 Danny Brown - District 4

Rebecca Taylor Dye - District 6

COUNTY PLANNING COMMISSION

Kirby Meadows — Chairman
Linda Cross — Vice Chairman
Roger Sword - Secretary
Harry Ferguson - Advisor

Don Cross Wayne Young
Greg Stoots John Mason

Jack Compton Robert H. “Bob” Gibson
Andy Smith Charles Edmonds

County Administrator
Marycarol White

ASSISTANCE PROVIDED BY:

Maxim Engineering, Inc.
Cumberland Plateau PDC

This plan was prepared with cooperation and assistance of the members of the Russell County
Planning Commission, County Staff, County Agencies, Regional Agencies, State Agencies,
Federal Agencies, Non-Profit Organizations and Project Consultants, The Plan was certified by
the Planning Commission July 6, 2010 and adopted by the Board of Supervisors July 6 , 2010
{following a Joint Public Hearing per Code of Virginia 15.2-2204 held July 6, 2010. Amendments
to the plan were certified by the Planning Commission _August 6, 2012 and adopted by the
Board of Supervisors August 6 2012 following a Joint Public Hearing per Code of

Virginia 15.2-2204 held ___August 6. 2012.




RESOLUTION of CERTIFICATION,

WHEREAS, the Commonwealth of Virginia requires that every County, City and Town in
the Commonwealth have a Comprehensive Plan, and

WHEREAS, the Russell County Comprehensive Plan was adopted in the early 70's and
amended in 1999, and 2010, and

WHEREAS, the Towns of Honaker and Cleveland each requested that the County’s
Comprehensive Plan also include the Towns of Honaker and Cleveland, and

WHEREAS, farther analysis has been conducted upon receiving the data from the 2010
census, and

WHEREAS, the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker and Cleveland were notified of the public
hearing at least ten (10) days prior to the hearing and

WHEREAS, a joint public hearing (Russell County Board of Supervisors, Russell County
Planning Commission) has been authorized, advertized, and properly conducted, now

THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the Russell County Planning Commission has met
the requirements of Title 15.2 - 2223 of the Code of Virginia 1950 as amended, and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Russell County Planning Commission doth
hereby and hereon certify this amended Russell County Comprehensive Development Plan to the
Russell County Board of Supervisors, and

BEIT FINALLY RESOLVED, that the Russell County Planning Commission doth hereby
and hereon recommend its adoption.

Adopted: Lagask- Lb 2012

© ayes _[ Nos

Signed:_ 7 _ Attest: matte
Kirby'Medews,Chairman Roger Sword, Secretary





 TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 

 

Page 
 

Chapter I - Introduction    
    

A.  The Comprehensive Plan……. ........................................................................... I - 1 

B.   Purpose ................................................................................................................ I - 1 

C.  Relationship to Other Plans ............................................................................. I - 3 

D.   Legal Status of Plan ............................................................................................ I - 6 

.   E. Historical Overview ......................................................................................... I - 7 

 

Chapter II - Physical Environment 
A.  Topography  ......................................................................................................II - 1 

Slope Map 20% and Above ...............................................................................II - 3 

B.   Climate ...............................................................................................................II - 5 

C.  Geology ..............................................................................................................II - 5 

Karst Topography and 20% and Above Slopes .................................................II - 6 

D.  Drainage .............................................................................................................II - 7 

E.  Soils ................................................................................................................II - 9 

Soils Map ..........................................................................................................II- 10 

F.  Natural Resources .............................................................................................II- 12 

G.  Renewable Resources  ......................................................................................II- 13 

H.  Sensitive Habitats..............................................................................................II- 14 

 

 

 

Chapter III - Population .......................................................................................................... III - 1 

A. Population Trends ............................................................................................  III - 2 

B. Population Distribution and Density .................................................................. III - 3 

C. Racial Composition ............................................................................................ III - 4 

D. Age/Sex Characteristics ..................................................................................... III - 5 

E. Population Projections ....................................................................................... III - 7 

 

 

Chapter IV - Housing ............................................................................................................. IV - 1 

A. Housing Composition ....................................................................................... IV - 2 

B. Housing Conditions .......................................................................................... IV - 3 

C. Comparative Values for Owner Occupied Housing ......................................... IV - 4 

D. Housing Units by Year Constructed ................................................................. IV - 7 

E. Comparative Housing by Tenure ...................................................................... IV - 8 

F. Comparative Median Gross Rent ...................................................................... IV - 8 

G. Rent As a Percentage of Household Income ..................................................... IV - 9 

H. Substandard Housing ........................................................................................ IV-10 

I. Future Housing.................................................................................................. IV-11 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Chapter I - Introduction

moORP>

The Comprehensive Plan.
Purpose....
Relationship to Other Plans
Legal Status of Plan
Historical Overview

Chapter I - Physical Environment

A

of

mo

mom

Chapter III - Population.

PoOm>

Chapter IV - Housing...

HROmMoUOm>

Topography. A-1
Slope Map 20% and Above -3
Climate Al-5
Geolog, n-5
Karst Topography and 20% and Above Slope: 1-6
Drainage.. -
Soils

Soils Map
Natural Resources
Renewable Resources .
Sensitive Habitats...

IM-1
m-2
JM -

TT - 4
Il -
ML-7

Population Trends... fe
Population Distribution and Density...

Racial Composition...
‘Age/Sex Characteristics
Population Projections.

IV-1

Housing Composition Iv-2

Housing Conditions ... we IV-3
Comparative Values for Owner Occupied Housing . Iv-4
Housing Units by Year Constructed IV-7

Comparative Housing by Tenure .....::siutinnnttinsnetneeee WV =8
Comparative Median Gross Rent....... 1V-8
Rent As a Percentage of Household Income. IV-9
Substandard Housing .. Iv-10
Future Housing..... Iv-ll





Chapter V - Community Facilities and Services 
A.   Transportation ..................................................................................................... V - 1 

Hiking and Bike Trails ............................................................................ V - 5 

B.  Solid Waste Analysis  ........................................................................................ V - 6 

Convenience Station Sites....................................................................... V - 8 

C.  Education  ........................................................................................................... V - 9 

Activity Centers and Emergency Response ............................................ V-12 

D.  Social Services .................................................................................................... V-13 

E.   Appalachian Detention Center ............................................................................ V-14 

F.   Recreation and Tourism ...................................................................................... V-15 

G.   Telecommunications ........................................................................................... V-16 

Cumberland Plateau Company Fiber Network ................................................... V-18 

Russell County Existing and Proposed Fiber...................................................... V-19 

H.   Library................................................................................................................. V-20 

I.    Cumberland Mountain Community Services...................................................... V-20 

J.   Health Care ......................................................................................................... V-22 

K.   Public Safety, Fire & Rescue .............................................................................. V-22 

L.   Clinch Valley Community Action ...................................................................... V-24 

Existing and Future Water Service Areas ............................................... V-29 

M.  Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens ............................................................ V-30 

N.   Water Supply Services ........................................................................................ V-30 

O.   Existing Wastewater Systems ............................................................................. V-32 

Existing and Future Sewerage Service ................................................... V-34 

 

 

Chapter VI - Economy  .......................................................................................................... VI - 1 

A. Unemployment Rates ........................................................................................ VI - 2 

B. Labor Force Status ............................................................................................ VI - 5 

C. Per Capita Personal Income .............................................................................. VI - 7 

D. Household Income ............................................................................................ VI - 7 

E. Average Weekly Wages .................................................................................... VI - 9 

F. Poverty ............................................................................................................. VI- 10 

G. Tax Base........................................................................................................... VI- 11 

H. Employment by Industry.................................................................................. VI- 12 

I. Agriculture ....................................................................................................... VI- 14 

J. Manufacturing .................................................................................................. VI- 15 

K. Services ............................................................................................................ VI- 16 

L. Retail Trade ...................................................................................................... VI- 17 

M. Tourism ............................................................................................................ VI- 18 

N. Comminuting Pattern ....................................................................................... VI- 20 

O.  Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................ VI- 22 

 

Chapter VII - Existing Land Use ........................................................................................... VII -1 

A.   Methodology ..................................................................................................... VII -2 

Existing Land-Use Map - Russell County 2009 Town of Lebanon .................. VII -4 

B.   Agricultural Land- Use ..................................................................................... VII -6 

Chapter V - Community Facil

A

B.

fe)

ommy

rrAScs

OZz

Chapter VI - Economy

A

Chapter VII - Existing Land

A

B.

OZER AY ROmmDOm

ies and Services

Transportation
Hiking and Bike Trails.
Solid Waste Analysis .
Convenience Station Site
Education ..
Activity Centers and Emergency Response
Social Services
Appalachian Detention Center.
Recreation and Tourism
Telecommunications .
Cumberland Plateau Company Fiber Network...
Russell County Existing and Proposed Fiber...
Library. seventeen
Cumberland Mountain Community Services
Health Care
Public Safety, Fire & Rescue
Clinch Valley Community Action.
Existing and Future Water Service Areas
Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens.
Water Supply Services.
Existing Wastewater System:
Existing and Future Sewerage Service ...

Unemployment Rates.
Labor Force Status .
Per Capita Personal Income...
Household Income ..
Average Weekly Wages.
Poverty
Tax Bas
Employment by Industry.
Agriculture
Manufacturin;
Services...
Retail Trade.
Tourism...
Comminuting Pattern.
Concluding Remark:

Methodology.
Existing Land-Use Map - Russell County 2009 Town of Lebanoi
Agricultural Land- Use.....





Existing Land-Use Map - Town of Lebanon 2009 .......................................... VII - 8 

Existing Land-Use Map - Town of Honaker 2009 ......................................... VII -10 

Existing Land-Use Map - Town of Cleveland 2009 ....................................... VII -11 

C.   Timberland ...................................................................................................... VII -12 

D.   Land Management Strategies .......................................................................... VII -13 

E.   Physical Constraints to Development ............................................................. VII -14 

Karst Topography Map ................................................................................... VII -17 

F.   Natural Resource Constraints ......................................................................... VII -18 

 

 

Chapter VIII - Goals and Objectives 
A.   Goals ................................................................................................................ VIII -1 

B.   Objectives ........................................................................................................ VIII -5 

 

Chapter IX - Conclusions and Recommendations 
A.   Introduction ........................................................................................................ IX -1 

B.   Findings ............................................................................................................ IX -1 

C.   Population .......................................................................................................... IX -2 

D.   Land-Use ............................................................................................................ IX -3 

E.  Commercial ........................................................................................................ IX -6 

F.   Industrial ............................................................................................................ IX -7 

G.  Residential.......................................................................................................... IX -8 

H.   Transportation .................................................................................................. IX -10 

Transportation Improvements Map.................................................................. IX -12 

I.   Public Facilities ................................................................................................ IX -14 

Future Land-Use Map Russell County, Virginia  ........................................... IX -17 

Future Land-Use Map Town of Honaker......................................................... IX -18 

Future Land-Use Map Town of Cleveland ...................................................... IX -19 

 

 

 

  

 

Tables, Charts and Graphs 
 

       Number  

II-1 Volume of Growing Stock and Sawtimber ........................................................ II -13 

II-2 Average Growth and Removal of Growing Stock and  

Sawtimber 1986-91 ............................................................................................ II -14 

III- 1 Population, Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 1970-2010 ............................... III - 1 

III- 2 Population Change 1970-2010 ........................................................................... III - 2 

III- 3 Population Natural Increase 2000-2009............................................................. III - 3 

III- 4 Population Distribution 1970-2010.................................................................... III - 4 

III- 5 Selected Racial Data Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 2010 .......................... III - 5 

III- 6 Median Age Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 1970-2010 .............................. III - 5 

Chart III-1 (Same) .............................................................................................. III - 5 

moo

Existing Land-Use Map - Town of Lebanon 2009...
Existing Land-Use Map - Town of Honaker 2009

Existing Land-Use Map - Town of Cleveland 2009.
Timberland
Land Management Strategies.
Physical Constraints to Development
Karst Topography Map......
Natural Resource Constraints

Chapter VIII - Goals and Objectives

AL
B.

Goals
Objective:

Chapter IX - Conclusions and Recommendations

BOM DODD

Introduction. sen IX 1
Findings
Population .
Land-Use.
Commercial
Industrial
Residenti
‘Transportation.....
Transportation Improvements Map.
Public Facilities.......
Future Land-Use Map Russell County, Virginia .
Future Land-Use Map Town of Honaker.
Future Land-Use Map Town of Cleveland...

Tables, Charts and Graphs

Number

IL-1
1-2

Ml- 1
Il-2
IL-3
IL-4
I- 5
Ill- 6

Volume of Growing Stock and Sawtimber.............. seesssssesssssecssssccesssesessees HE =13
Average Growth and Removal of Growing Stock ‘and

Sawtimber 1986-91.
Population, Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 1970-2010
Population Change 1970-2010.
Population Natural Increase 2000-2009.
Population Distribution 1970-2010............0:000 .
Selected Racial Data Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 2010...
Median Age Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 1970-2010
Chart II-1 (Same)... se





III- 7 Population by Gender and Age Group ............................................................... III - 6 

III- 8 Population Change Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 2010-2030 ................... III - 8 

III- 9 Population Change by Number and Percent ...................................................... III - 8 

III-10 Population Russell County, Towns of Cleveland, Honaker, Lebanon .............. III - 8 

Charts III-2, III-3, III-4, III-5 Population by Gender and Age 2000-2030 ........ III - 9 

Charts III-6, III-7, III-8, III-9, Population Russell Co., CPPDC,  

and Virginia ....................................................................................................... III-10 

IV -1 Housing Composition 2000-2009 ...................................................................... IV -3 

IV -2 Total Housing Units, Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia 2000-2010 ......... IV -4 

IV -3 Comparative Values Owner Occupied Housing, Russell County, CPPDC, and 

Virginia 2000-2009 ............................................................................................ IV -6 

IV -4 Housing Units by Year Constructed 2000-2009 ................................................ IV -7 

IV -5 Comparative Housing by Tenure 2000-2009 ..................................................... IV -8 

IV -6 Comparative Median Gross Rent, Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia  

 2000-2009 .......................................................................................................... IV -9 

IV -7 Rental Cost, Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia  ....................................... IV-10 

IV -8 Condition of Structures 2009-2010 ................................................................... IV-11 

V-1 School Facility Data ............................................................................................ V-10 

 Chart VI-I Unemployment Rate Russell County and Virginia By Age Group 

 ........................................................................................................................... VI - 3 

VI -1 Unemployment Rates, Russell County, Virginia and United States 2000-2010 VI - 4 

VI -2 Unemployment Rates by Month ......................................................................... VI - 5 

VI -3 Labor Force by Gender and Status 1980-2010 ................................................... VI - 6 

VI -4 Median Income by Type 2000-2009 .................................................................. VI - 7 

VI -5 Household Income by Group 2010 .................................................................... VI - 8 

VI -6 Employment and Weekly Wages by Industry Group 2010 ................................ VI - 9 

VI -7 Poverty Status by Population Group 2007-2009 ............................................... VI- 10 

VI -8 Taxable Personal Property Russell County and Virginia 2001-2009 ................ VI- 11 

VI - 9 Real Estate Values Russell County 2001-2007 ................................................. VI -11 

VI -10 Employment by Sector 1990-2020 .................................................................... VI -13 

VI -11 Agriculture Base Data 1997-2007 ..................................................................... VI -15 

VI -12 Manufacturing Russell County 2003-2009 ....................................................... VI -15 

VI -13 Service and Manufacturing by Job Category 2003, 2006,2009 ........................ VI- 17 

VI -14 Taxable Sales 2005-2010 .................................................................................. VI- 18 

VI -15 Travel Impacts 2005-2010 ................................................................................. VI- 19 

VI -16 Commuting from Russell County, Top 10 Places 2000 .................................... VI- 20 

VI -17 Commuting to Russell County, Top 10 Places .................................................. VI- 21 

VII -1 Existing Land-Use Russell County 2009 ........................................................... VII- 2 

VII -2 Existing Land-Use Russell County 1975 ........................................................... VII -5 

VII -3 Agricultural Land-Use Russell County 1940-2002 ............................................ VII -6 

VII-4 Existing Land-Use Town of Lebanon 2009 ....................................................... VII -7 

VII -5 Existing Land-Use Town of Honaker 2009 ....................................................... VII -9 

VII -6  Existing Land-Use Town of Cleveland 2009 ..................................................... VII -9 

 

 

 

IL-7
1-8
Ml- 9
TH-10

IV-1
IV -2
TV -3

IV-4
IV-5
IV -6

IV -7
IV-8

VI-1
VI-2
VI-3
VI-4
VI-5
VI-6
VI-7
VI-8
VI-9
VI-10
VI-I1
VI-12
VI-13
VI-14
VI-IS
VI-16
VI-I7
VII-I
VI-2
Vil-3
VII-4
VII-5
VIL -6

Population by Gender and Age Group... se
Population Change Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 2010-2030 I-8
Population Change by Number and Percent ..
Population Russell County, Towns of Cleveland, Honaker, Lebanon
Charts III-2, III-3, II1-4, III-5 Population by Gender and Age 2000-2030......II - 9
Charts 111-6, III-7, IIL-8, III-9, Population Russell Co., CPPDC
and Virginia ...
Housing Composition 2000-2009
Total Housing Units, Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia 2000-2010.......-
Comparative Values Owner Occupied Housing, Russell County, CPPDC, and
Virginia 2000-2009...
Housing Units by Year Constructed 2000-200'
Comparative Housing by Tenure 2000-2009...
Comparative Median Gross Rent, Russell County, CPPDC, and Virgi
2000-2000...
Rental Cost, Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia .
Condition of Structures 2009-2010
School Facility Dat
Chart VI-I Unemployment

Unemployment Rates, Russell County, Virginia and United States 2000-2010 VI- 4
Unemployment Rates by Month... VI-5

Labor Force by Gender and Status 1980-201
Median Income by Type 2000-2009
Household Income by Group 2010 ..
Employment and Weekly Wages by Industry Group 2010.
Poverty Status by Population Group 2007-2009
Taxable Personal Property Russell County and Virginia 2001-2009.
Real Estate Values Russell County 2001-2007 .
Employment by Sector 1990-2020
Agriculture Base Data 1997-2007
Manufacturing Russell County 2003-2009
Service and Manufacturing by Job Category 2003, 2006,2009....
Taxable Sales 2005-2010
Travel Impacts 2005-2010.
Commuting from Russell County, Top 10 Places 2000
Commuting to Russell County, Top 10 Places.
Existing Land-Use Russell County 2009 ...
Existing Land-Use Russell County 1975
Agricultural Land-Use Russell County 1940-2002...
Existing Land-Use Town of Lebanon 2009
Existing Land-Use Town of Honaker 2009
Existing Land-Use Town of Cleveland 2009

VI-6





Maps 

 

      Number    Page 

 

  1 Slopes 20% & Above ........................................................................................... II - 3 

  2 Karst Topography & 20% Slopes ......................................................................... II - 6 

  3 Soils Map .............................................................................................................. II-10 

  4 Hiking and Bike Trails ......................................................................................... V - 5 

  5 Convenience Station Sites .................................................................................... V - 8 

  6 Activity Centers and Emergency Response ......................................................... V-12 

  7 Cumberland Plateau Company Fiber Network .................................................... V-18 

  8 Russell County Existing and Proposed Fiber Infrastructure ................................ V-19 

  9 Existing and Proposed Water Service Areas ........................................................ V-29 

10 Existing Proposed Sewerage Service Areas ......................................................... V-34 

11 Existing Land-Use Russell County 2009 .......................................................... VII - 4 

12 Existing Land-Use Town of Lebanon 2009 ...................................................... VII - 8 

13 Existing Land-Use Town of Honaker 2009 ...................................................... VII-10 

14 Existing Land-Use Town of Cleveland 2009 .................................................... VII-11 

15 Karst Topography .............................................................................................. VII-17 

16 Transportation Improvements Map ................................................................... IX -12 

17  Future Land-Use Map Russell County, Virginia ............................................... IX -17 

18 Future Land-Use Map Town of Honaker .......................................................... IX -18 

19 Future Land-Use Map Town of Cleveland ........................................................ IX -19 

 

 

Bibliography 

 

Appendix 

 

 

Number

Cer auEune

10
i
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Bibliography

Appendix

Maps

Slopes 20% & Above...
Karst Topography & 20% Slopes..
Soils Map...
Hiking and Bike Trails ...
Convenience Station Site:
Activity Centers and Emergency Response
Cumberland Plateau Company Fiber Network
Russell County Existing and Proposed Fiber Infrastructure
Existing and Proposed Water Service Areas
Existing Proposed Sewerage Service Areas
Existing Land-Use Russell County 2009
Existing Land-Use Town of Lebanon 2009
Existing Land-Use Town of Honaker 2009
Existing Land-Use Town of Cleveland 2009...
Karst Topography...
Transportation Improvements May
Future Land-Use Map Russell County, Virginia,
Future Land-Use Map Town of Honaker.
Future Land-Use Map Town of Cleveland.





 The Town of Lebanon is included from a “data” standpoint but not from “Legal”1

standpoint.  The Town has its own Comprehensive Plan.  The Towns of Cleveland and Honaker
have requested that the County’s Plan serve as their Comprehensive Plan.

I -1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. The Comprehensive Plan

The premise of the comprehensive plan is that it will be a guide for future decisions

regarding the provision of public services.  It will be a roadmap for changes in the use of land to the

improvement of the health, safety, and welfare of Russell County citizens.

The essential characteristics of the plan are that it is comprehensive, general, and long range.

It is comprehensive in that the plan encompasses the entire county (except the Town of Lebanon)1

and all of the elements, natural, physical, and social, which influence development.  It is general in

that the plan does not indicate specific locations nor contain detailed regulations.  Long range means

that the plan looks beyond the foreground of pressing current issues to a desirable quality of life

twenty to thirty years in the future.

B. Purpose

Title 15.2 of the Code of Virginia, 1950, as amended, is devoted to regulations affecting

counties, cities, and towns, Subsection 2223 states, “The local planning commission shall prepare

and recommend a comprehensive plan for the physical development of the territory within its

jurisdiction and every governing body shall adopt a comprehensive plan for the territory under its

jurisdiction.”

“In the preparation of a comprehensive plan the commission shall make careful and

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A, The Comprehensive Plan

The premise of the comprehensive plan is that it will be a guide for future decisions
regarding the provision of public services. It will be a roadmap for changes in the use of land to the
improvement of the health, safety, and welfare of Russell County citizens.

The essential characteristics of the plan are that it is comprehensive, general, and long range.
It is comprehensive in that the plan encompasses the entire county (except the Town of Lebanon)!
and all of the elements, natural, physical, and social, which influence development. It is general in
that the plan does not indicate specific locations nor contain detailed regulations. Long range means
that the plan looks beyond the foreground of pressing current issues to a desirable quality of life
twenty to thirty years in the future.
B. Purpose

Title 15.2 of the Code of Virginia, 1950, as amended, is devoted to regulations affecting
counties, cities, and towns, Subsection 2223 states, “The local planning commission shall prepare
and recommend a comprehensive plan for the physical development of the territory within its
jurisdiction and every governing body shall adopt a comprehensive plan for the territory under its
jurisdiction.”

“In the preparation of a comprehensive plan the commission shall make careful and

' The Town of Lebanon is included from a “data” standpoint but not from “Legal”
standpoint. The Town has its own Comprehensive Plan, The Towns of Cleveland and Honaker
have requested that the County’s Plan serve as their Comprehensive Plan.

1-1




I -2

comprehensive surveys and studies of the existing conditions and trends of growth, and of the

probable future requirements of its territory and inhabitants.  The comprehensive plan shall be made

with the purpose of guiding and accomplishing a coordinated, adjusted, and harmonious

development of the territory, which will in accordance with present and probable future needs and

resources, best promote the health, safety, morals, order, convenience, prosperity, and general

welfare of the inhabitants.”

Subsection 2223 goes on to state that the plan, “with the accompanying maps, plats, charts,

and descriptive matter, shall show the long-range recommendations for the general development of

the parts of the county covered by the plan.  It may include, but need not be limited to:

1) The designation of areas for various types of public and private development and use,

such as different kinds of residential, business, industrial, agricultural, mineral

resources, conservation, recreation, public service, floodplain, drainage, and other

areas;

2) The designation of a system of transportation facilities, such as streets, roads,

highways, parkways, railways, bridges, viaducts, waterways, airports, ports,

terminals, and other like facilities;

3) The designation of a system of community service facilities such as parks, forests,

schools, playgrounds, public buildings and institutions, hospitals, community centers,

waterworks, sewage disposal or waste disposal areas, and the like;

4) The designation of historical areas and areas for urban renewal or other treatment;

5) The designation of areas for the implementation of reasonable ground water

protection measures;

comprehensive surveys and studies of the existing conditions and trends of growth, and of the
probable future requirements of its territory and inhabitants. The comprehensive plan shall be made
with the purpose of guiding and accomplishing a coordinated, adjusted, and harmonious
development of the territory, which will in accordance with present and probable future needs and
resources, best promote the health, safety, morals, order, convenience, prosperity, and general
welfare of the inhabitants.”

Subsection 2223 goes on to state that the plan, “with the accompanying maps, plats, charts,
and descriptive matter, shall show the long-range recommendations for the general development of
the parts of the county covered by the plan, It may include, but need not be limited to:

1) Thedesignation of areas for various types of public and private development and use,
such as different kinds of residential, business, industrial, agricultural, mineral
resources, conservation, recreation, public service, floodplain, drainage, and other
areas;

2) The designation of a system of transportation facilities, such as streets, roads,
highways, parkways, railways, bridges, viaducts, waterways, airports, ports,
terminals, and other like facilities;

3) The designation of a system of community service facilities such as parks, forests,
schools, playgrounds, public buildings and institutions, hospitals, community centers,
waterworks, sewage disposal or waste disposal areas, and the like:

4) The designation of historical areas and areas for urban renewal or other treatment;

5) The designation of areas for the implementation of reasonable ground water

protection measures;

1-2




I -3

6) An official map, a capital improvements program, a subdivision ordinance, a zoning

ordinance and zoning district maps, mineral resource district maps, and agricultural

and forestall district maps, where applicable; and 

7) The location of existing or proposed recycling centers.

The plan shall include: the designation of areas and implementation of measures for the

construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of affordable housing, which is sufficient to meet the

current and future needs of residents of all levels of income in the locality while considering the

current and future needs of the planning district within which the locality is situated.”

C. Relationship To Other Plans

The comprehensive plan is a policies statement, an overview of land use in the county and

the first major step in the county’s planning effort.  This plan is supplemented by the following more

detailed plans, which have been developed by the county, citizen groups, regional organizations, and

state and federal governments.

Russell County Comprehensive Plan: The Russell County Planning Commission has

reviewed in detail the recommendations that were made in the update of the Comprehensive Plan

adopted in 1999.

Cumberland Plateau Regional Water Supply Plan: In 2007 a comprehensive water study

was initiated for the jurisdictions in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District.  The

recommendations contained in that study that pertain to Russell County were reviewed by the

Planning Commission during this 2009 rewrite.  The applicable recommendations are a part of this

plan and are contained in the Public Water Facilities section of Chapter VIII.

Russell County Development Group 2007: A committee of interested citizens volunteered

6) Anofficial map, a capital improvements program, a subdivision ordinance, a zoning
ordinance and zoning district maps, mineral resource district maps, and agricultural
and forestall district maps, where applicable; and

7) The location of existing or proposed recycling centers.

The plan shall include: the designation of areas and implementation of measures for the
construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of affordable housing, which is sufficient to meet the
current and future needs of residents of all levels of income in the locality while considering the
current and future needs of the planning district within which the locality is situated.”

C. Relationship To Other Plans

The comprehensive plan is a policies statement, an overview of land use in the county and
the first major tep in the county’s planning effort. This plan is supplemented by the following more
detailed plans, which have been developed by the county, citizen groups, regional organizations, and
state and federal governments.

Russell County Comprehensive Plan: The Russell County Planning Commission has
reviewed in detail the recommendations that were made in the update of the Comprehensive Plan
adopted in 1999,

Cumberland Plateau Regional Water Supply Plan: In 2007 a comprehensive water study
was initiated for the jurisdictions in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District. The
recommendations contained in that study that pertain to Russell County were reviewed by the
Planning Commission during this 2009 rewrite. The applicable recommendations are a part of this
plan and are contained in the Public Water Facilities section of Chapter VIIL.

Russell County Development Group 2007: A committee of interested citizens volunteered

1-3




I -4

their time to participate in a comprehensive strategic planning process designed to prepare county

residents for the impact CGI and Northrop Grumman would have on the county and region.  The

committee reported its recommendations in five (5) groupings of twenty-two (22) categories of

development for the county.  The Planning Commission has reviewed their recommendations and

included many of them in this plan in Chapters VII and VIII.

The Southwest Virginia Regional Wastewater Study 2005: In 2005, representatives from

the three (3) planning districts representing the southwestern-most part of Virginia conducted a

comprehensive review of sewerage needs.  Based on this study, the Virginia General Assembly

initiated a wastewater treatment program called Southern Rivers Watershed Enhancement program.

The recommendations contained in that study for Russell County have been reviewed by the

planning commission and the appropriate recommendations are reported in this plan.

The Cumberland Plateau Regional Solid Waste Management Plan for: Buchanan

County, Dickenson County, Russell County: The Cumberland Plateau Regional Waste

Management Authority contracted with Draper Aden Associates in 2004 to prepare a Waste

Management Plan pursuant to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality criteria.  The plan

discusses in detail the collecting, transportation, disposal, and recycling programs in each county that

is a partner in the Cumberland Plateau Regional Waste Management Authority.  The plan was

submitted to the Department of Environmental Quality in June of 2004.  It was adopted by the

Russell County Board of Supervisors in July 2004.  The applicable provisions in that plan to Russell

County are hereby made a part of the Russell County Comprehensive Development Plan.

Comprehensive Survey Report; Survey of Architectural Resources in Russell County,

Virginia: This report was prepared by the William and Mary Center for Archeological Research for

their time to participate in a comprehensive strategic planning process designed to prepare county
residents for the impact CGI and Northrop Grumman would have on the county and region. The
committee reported its recommendations in five (5) groupings of twenty-two (22) categories of
development for the county. ‘The Planning Commission has reviewed their recommendations and
included many of them in this plan in Chapters VII and VII.

The Southwest Vii

nia Regional Wastewater Study 2005: In 2005, representatives from
the three (3) planning districts representing the southwestem-most part of Virginia conducted a
comprehensive review of sewerage needs. Based on this study, the Virginia General Assembly
initiated a wastewater treatment program called Southern Rivers Watershed Enhancement program.
The recommendations contained in that study for Russell County have been reviewed by the
planning commission and the appropriate recommendations are reported in this plan.

The Cumberland Plateau Regional Solid Waste Management Plan for: Buchanan
County, Dickenson County, Russell County: The Cumberland Plateau Regional Waste
Management Authority contracted with Draper Aden Associates in 2004 to prepare a Waste
Management Plan pursuant to the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality criteria. The plan
discusses in detail the collecting, transportation, disposal, and recycling programs in each county that
is a partner in the Cumberland Plateau Regional Waste Management Authority. The plan was
submitted to the Department of Environmental Quality in June of 2004. It was adopted by the
Russell County Board of Supervisors in July 2004. The applicable provisions in that plan to Russell
County are hereby made a part of the Russell County Comprehensive Development Plan.

Comprehensive Survey Report; Survey of Architectural Resources in Russell County,

Virginia: This report was prepared by the William and Mary Center for Archeological Research for

1-4




I -5

the Virginia Department of Historic Resources in 2009.  The report and the research for the report

was cost-shared by the Department of Historic Resources and the Russell County Board of

Supervisors.  Eleven (11) of the 18 intensively studied structures have been recommended for

inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.  An additional 24 have been recommended for

intensive study.  The Comprehensive Survey Report is hereby made a part of the Russell County

Comprehensive Development Plan.

Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission - Hazard Mitigation Plan:

In 2005 the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission completed a Hazard Mitigation Plan

for the region which includes Russell County.  The purpose of the plan was to study the risks of

natural hazards “in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000".  The plan will help

decision-makers to understand natural hazards and thereby build support for mitigation activities.

It will also help to obtain funds to recover from a disaster and to apply mitigation concepts in a post-

disaster situation.  The recommendations in that plan applicable to Russell County are hereby made

a part of this plan.

Vision 2004 and 2008: The Russell County Library Board conducted a strategic planning

process during 2004 and 2008.  The applicable goals, objectives, and strategies of that planning

process have become a part of this plan.

Regional Transportation Priorities:

The Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission has prepared and approved a set of

Regional Transportation Priorities.  The Planning Commission reviewed those priorities and

included the appropriate recommendations in this rewrite of the Russell County Comprehensive

the Virginia Department of Historic Resources in 2009. The report and the research for the report
was cost-shared by the Department of Historie Resources and the Russell County Board of
Supervisors. Eleven (11) of the 18 intensively studied structures have been recommended for
inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. An additional 24 have been recommended for
intensive study. The Comprehensive Survey Report is hereby made a part of the Russell County

Comprehensive Development Plan.

Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission - Hazard Mitigation Plan:
Tn 2005 the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission completed a Hazard Mitigation Plan

for the region which includes Russell County. The purpose of the plan was to study the risks of

natural hazards “in accordance with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000". The plan will help
decision-makers to understand natural hazards and thereby build support for mitigation activities.
It will also help to obtain funds to recover from a disaster and to apply mitigation concepts in a post-
disaster situation. The recommendations in that plan applicable to Russell County are hereby made
a part of this plan.

Vision 2004 and 2008: The Russell County Library Board conducted a strategic planning
process during 2004 and 2008. The applicable goals, objectives, and strategies of that planning
process have become a part of this plan.

Regional Transportation Priorities:

‘The Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission has prepared and approved a set of

Regional Transportation Priorities. The Planning Commission reviewed those priorities and

included the appropriate recommendations in this rewrite of the Russell County Comprehensive

1-5




I -6

Development Plan.

The Comprehensive Plan is not an end in itself; it is a living document, a continuing study

through which issues relating to the future of the county can be resolved by citizens and their

representatives.  The plan should be revised and supplemented as necessary.  State law requires that

it be reviewed at least every five years.

D. Legal Status Of Plan

Legal status of the Comprehensive Plan is described under Subsection 2232 of Title 15.2 in

the Code of Virginia, 1950, as amended.  That part of the code read as follows:

A.  Whenever a local planning commission recommends a comprehensive plan or part 
thereof for the locality and such plan has been approved and adopted by the governing body,
it shall control the general or approximate location, character and extent of each feature
shown on the plan.  Thereafter, unless a feature is already shown on the adopted master plan
or part thereof or is deemed so under subsection D, no street or connection to an existing
street, park or other public area, public building or public structure, public utility facility or
public service corporation facility other than railroad facility or an underground natural gas
or underground electric distribution facility of a public utility as defined in subdivision (b)
of § 56-265.1 within its certificated service territory, whether publicly or privately owned,
shall be constructed, established or authorized, unless and until the general location or
approximate location, character, and extent thereof has been submitted to and approved by
the commission as being substantially in accord with the adopted comprehensive plan or part
thereof.  In connection with any such determination, the commission may, and at the
direction of the governing body shall, hold a public hearing, after notice as required by §
15.2-2204.

B.  The commission shall communicate its findings to the governing body, indicating its
approval or disapproval with written reasons therefore.  The governing body may overrule
the action of the commission by a vote of a majority of its membership.  Failure of the
commission to act within sixty days of a submission, unless the time is extended by the
governing body, shall be deemed approval.  The owner or owners or their agents may appeal
the decision of the commission to the governing body within ten days after the decision of
the commission.  The appeal shall be by written petition to the governing body setting forth
the reasons for the appeal.  The appeal shall be heard and determined within sixty days from
its filing.  A majority vote of the governing body shall overrule the commission.

C.  Widening, narrowing, extension, enlargement, vacation or change of use of streets or

Development Plan.

The Comprehensive Plan is not an end in itself; it isa living document, a continuing study
through which issues relating to the future of the county can be resolved by citizens and their
representatives. The plan should be revised and supplemented as necessary. State law requires that

it be reviewed at least every five years.

D. Legal Status Of Plan

Legal status of the Comprehensive Plan is described under Subsection 2232 of Title 15.2 in
the Code of Virginia, 1950, as amended. That part of the code read as follows:

A, Whenever a local planning commission recommends a comprehensive plan or part
thereof for the locality and such plan has been approved and adopted by the governing body,
it shall control the general or approximate location, character and extent of each feature
shown on the plan. Thereafter, unless a feature is already shown on the adopted master plan
or part thereof or is deemed so under subsection D, no street or connection to an existing
street, park or other public area, public building or public structure, public utility facility or
public service corporation facility other than railroad facility or an underground natural gas
or underground electric distribution facility of a public utility as defined in subdivision (b)
of § 56-265.1 within its certificated service territory, whether publicly or privately owned,
shall be constructed, established or authorized, unless and until the general location or
approximate location, character, and extent thereof has been submitted to and approved by
the commission as being substantially in accord with the adopted comprehensive plan or part
thereof. In connection with any such determination, the commission may, and at the
direction of the governing body shall, hold a public hearing, after notice as required by §

B. The commission shall communicate its findings to the governing body, indicating its
approval or disapproval with written reasons therefore. The governing body may overrule
the action of the commission by a vote of a majority of its membership. Failure of the
commission to act within sixty days of a submission, unless the time is extended by the
governing body, shall be deemed approval. The owner or owners or their agents may appeal
the decision of the commission to the governing body within ten days after the decision of
the commission. The appeal shall be by written petition to the governing body setting forth
the reasons for the appeal. The appeal shall be heard and determined within sixty days from
its filing. A majority vote of the governing body shall overrule the commission.

C. Widening, narrowing, extension, enlargement, vacation or change of use of streets or

1-6




I -7

public areas shall likewise be submitted for approval, but paving, repair, reconstruction,
improvement, drainage or similar work and normal service extensions of public utilities or
public service corporations shall not require approval unless involving a change in location
or extent of a street or public area.

D.  Any public area, facility or use as set forth in subsection A which is identified within, but
not the entire subject of, a submission under either § 15.2-2258 for subdivision or provision
8 of § 15.2-2286 for development or both may be deemed a feature already shown on the
adopted master plan, and, therefore, excepted from the requirement for submittal to and
approval by the commission or the governing body; provided, that the governing body has
by ordinance or resolution defined standards governing the construction, establishment or
authorization of such public area, facility or use or has approved it through acceptance of a
proffer made pursuant to § 15.2-2303.  

E.  Approval and funding of a public telecommunications facility by the Virginia Public
Broadcasting Board pursuant to Article 12 (§ 2.2-2426 et seq.) of Chapter 24 of Title 2.2
shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this section and local zoning ordinances with
respect to such facility with the exception of television and radio towers and structures not
necessary to house electronic apparatus.  The exemption provided for in this subsection shall
not apply to facilities existing or approved by the Virginia Public Telecommunications Board
prior to July 1, 1990.  The Virginia Public Broadcasting Board shall notify the governing
body of the locality in advance of any meeting where approval of any such facility shall be
acted upon.

F.  On any application for a telecommunications facility, the commissioner’s decision shall
comply with the requirements of the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996.  Failure of
the commission to act on any such application for a telecommunications facility under
subsection A submitted on or after July 1, 1998, within ninety days of such submission shall
be deemed approval of the application by the commission unless the governing body has
authorized an extension of time for consideration or the applicant has agreed to an extension
of time.  The governing body may extend the time required for action by the local
commission by no more than sixty additional days.  If the commission has not acted on the
application by the end of the extension, or by the end of such longer period as may be agreed
to by the applicant, the application is deemed approved by the commission.

E. Historical Overview

Russell County was formed in 1786 from part of Washington County and named for William

Russell, who was a pioneer and revolutionary soldier.  The county is located in the southwestern

portion of Virginia.  It is separated from West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee by a semi-circle

public areas shall likewise be submitted for approval, but paving, repair, reconstruction,
improvement, drainage or similar work and normal service extensions of public utilities or
public service corporations shall not require approval unless involving a change in location
or extent of a street or public area.

D. Any public area, facility or use as set forth in subsection A which is identified within, but
not the entire subject of, a submission under either § 15.2-2258 for subdivision or provision
8 of § 15.2-2286 for development or both may be deemed a feature already shown on the
adopted master plan, and, therefore, excepted from the requirement for submittal to and
approval by the commission or the governing body; provided, that the governing body has
by ordinance or resolution defined standards governing the construction, establishment or
authorization of such public area, facility or use or has approved it through acceptance of a
proffer made pursuant to § 15,2-2303

E. Approval and funding of a public telecommunications facility by the Virginia Public
Broadcasting Board pursuant to Article 12 (§ 2.2-2426 et seq.) of Chapter 24 of Title 2.2
shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this section and local zoning ordinances with
respect to such facility with the exception of television and radio towers and structures not
necessary to house electronic apparatus. The exemption provided for in this subsection shall
not apply to facilities existing or approved by the Virginia Public Telecommunications Board
prior to July 1, 1990. The Virginia Public Broadcasting Board shall notify the governing
body of the locality in advance of any meeting where approval of any such facility shall be
acted upon.

F. On any application for a telecommunications facility, the commissioner's decision shall
comply with the requirements of the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996. Failure of
the commission to act on any such application for a telecommunications facility under
subsection A submitted on or after July 1, 1998, within ninety days of such submission shall
be deemed approval of the application by the commission unless the governing body has
authorized an extension of time for consideration or the applicant has agreed to an extension
of time. The governing body may extend the time required for action by the local
commission by no more than sixty additional days. If the commission has not acted on the
application by the end of the extension, or by the end of such longer period as may be agreed
to by the applicant, the application is deemed approved by the commission.

E. Historical Overview
Russell County was formed in 1786 from part of Washington County and named for William
Russell, who was a pioneer and revolutionary soldier. The county is located in the southwestern

portion of Virginia. It is separated from West Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee by a semi-circle

1-7




I -8

of other counties - Buchanan and Dickenson Counties to the north, Tazewell County to the east,

Washington and Smyth Counties to the south, and Scott and Wise Counties to the west.

Less than 150 years after the first colony was established at Jamestown, Virginians began to

explore the present region of southwestern Virginia.  Since the area was bountiful with large herds

of deer, elk, buffalo, and other game, the region was first explored by professional hunters who

exported their pelts from Tidewater Virginia to Europe.  This region was also hunting grounds for

the Cherokee and Shawnee Indians, who later had frequent encounters with white settlers between

1772 and 1792.

In 1750, two surveyors, Charles Campbell and John Buchanan, made surveys in Russell

County on the waters of the Clinch River and Moccasin Creek.  They were part of an expedition led

by Colonel James Patton of Augusta County.  The French and Indian War retarded settlement of the

area, and it was 1770 before a permanent community was formed in Russell County.

Castle’s Woods, in the western part of the county, was the first settlement, followed closely

by settlements at Moccasin, Elk Garden, Glade Hollow, Copper Creek and Thompson’s Creek.

Due to Russell County’s physiography, accessibility to it was limited in the early days.  For

this reason, settlers had to produce all their needs from the land.  A vast majority of the early settlers

had self-sufficient farms, producing all of their food and clothing, and feed for the livestock.  The

settlers soon discovered that one of their worst “enemies” blue grass, was great for fattening

livestock, thus allowing them to devote less of their land to feed production.  In 1925, the county had

161,358 acres in pasture land, ranking it third in this category in the state.  

In the mid-to-late 1800's, construction of the Fincastle Turnpike, the Lebanon-Abingdon road

and the Lebanon-Cleveland road allowed goods and produce to be sent outside the county.  Many

of other counties - Buchanan and Dickenson Counties to the north, Tazewell County to the east,
Washington and Smyth Counties to the south, and Scott and Wise Counties to the west.

Less than 150 years after the first colony was established at Jamestown, Virginians began to
explore the present region of southwestern Virginia, Since the area was bountiful with large herds
of deer, elk, buffalo, and other game, the region was first explored by professional hunters who
exported their pelts from Tidewater Virginia to Europe. This region was also hunting grounds for
the Cherokee and Shawnee Indians, who later had frequent encounters with white settlers between
1772 and 1792.

In 1750, two surveyors, Charles Campbell and John Buchanan, made surveys in Russell
County on the waters of the Clinch River and Moccasin Creek. They were part of an expedition led
by Colonel James Patton of Augusta County. The French and Indian War retarded settlement of the
area, and it was 1770 before a permanent community was formed in Russell County.

Castle’s Woods, in the western part of the county, was the first settlement, followed closely
by settlements at Moccasin, Elk Garden, Glade Hollow, Copper Creek and Thompson’s Creek.

Due to Russell County’s physiography, accessibility to it was limited in the early days. For
this reason, settlers had to produce all their needs from the land. A vast majority of the early settlers
had self-sufficient farms, producing all of their food and clothing, and feed for the livestock. The

settlers soon discovered that one of their worst “enemies” blue grass, w

s great for fattening
livestock, thus allowing them to devote less of their land to feed production. In 1925, the county had
161,358 acres in pasture land, ranking it third in this category in the state.

Inthe mid-to-late 1800's, construction of the Fincastle Tumpike, the Lebanon-Abingdon road

and the Lebanon-Cleveland road allowed goods and produce to be sent outside the county. Many

1-8




I -9

items for consumption were also brought in from eastern markets.  A major transformation in the

local economy occurred in the late 1880's with construction of the Norfolk & Western Railroads’

branch line which ran from Bluefield, West Virginia through Russell County to Norton.  With

construction of the railroad came the establishment of three communities - Honaker, Cleveland, and

Castlewood.  Farmers from all over the county brought their livestock to these communities for

shipment to eastern markets, but more importantly, two additional resources were opened up for

development - timber and coal.

The Clinchfield Railway was established in 1908 specifically to haul coal out of the rich

southwestern Virginia and eastern Kentucky coalfields.  The coal industry thrived through the early

1900's and Russell County experienced substantial growth.  The timber industry grew along with the

coal industry, because much of the timber cut was used for mine props.  By 1930, growth had leveled

off somewhat, probably due to a decline in the timber industry, but mining allowed several more

years growth and employment.  During the 1950's and 1960's advances in technology and a flattening

out in the demand for coal left many miners unemployed, thus forcing them to move to other areas

for work.

The 1970's brought the world energy crisis and a subsequent surge in the coal economy based

on the renewed interest in coal as an energy source.  Although a substantial amount of growth took

place during this decade, population dropped once again during the 1980's.

Although mining and agriculture still play important roles in the county’s economy, they are

no longer the predominant activities.

items for consumption were also brought in from eastern markets. A major transformation in the
local economy occurred in the late 1880's with construction of the Norfolk & Western Railroads”
branch line which ran from Bluefield, West Virginia through Russell County to Norton. With
construction of the railroad came the establishment of three communities - Honaker, Cleveland, and
Castlewood. Farmers from all over the county brought their livestock to these communities for
shipment to eastern markets, but more importantly, two additional resources were opened up for
development - timber and coal

The Clinchfield Railway was established in 1908 specifically to haul coal out of the rich
southwestern Virginia and eastern Kentucky coalfields. The coal industry thrived through the early
1900's and Russell County experienced substantial growth. The timber industry grew along with the
coal industry, because much of the timber cut was used for mine props. By 1930, growth had leveled
off somewhat, probably due to a decline in the timber industry, but mining allowed several more
years growth and employment. During the 1950's and 1960's advances in technology and a flattening
out in the demand for coal left many miners unemployed, thus forcing them to move to other areas
for work.

The 1970's brought the world energy crisis and a subsequent surge in the coal economy based
on the renewed interest in coal as an energy source. Although a substantial amount of growth took
place during this decade, population dropped once again during the 1980's.

Although mining and agriculture still play important roles in the county’s economy, they are

no longer the predominant activities.

1-9




II - 1

CHAPTER II

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The physical characteristics of an area such as topography, climate and soils contribute to the

type, location and nature of development in that area. Major topographic features must be fully

considered to determine the potential effects. Soils, for instance, are frequently of such consistency

that water cannot percolate through them, this creating poor drainage conditions.

A. Topography

Russell County lies within the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachian Highlands, and

consists of alternate valleys and ridges. These are a prominent feature of the Highlands region.

Russell County is divided by a broad lowland belt about 12 miles wide that extends in a northeast-

southwest direction. The belt is bordered on each side by comparatively high mountains and plateau

country. Valley floors range from about 1,400 feet above sea level on the Clinch River in the extreme

western part of the county, to about 2,600 feet southwest of Lebanon near the headwaters of

Moccasin Creek and Little Cedar Creek. The relief in the valley areas is moderately sloping or rolling

to hilly and steep. The interstream ridges range from about 2,300 to 3,600 feet in elevation.

Copper Ridge and Moccasin Ridge in the southwestern part of the county are the most

prominent ridges of the lowland belt. Copper Ridge ranges from narrow to comparatively broad, and

short spurs extend from it in some places. The sides of the ridge are comparatively steep and in

places are cut by deep ravines. Moccasin Ridge ranges from about 2,300 to 2,800 feet in elevation.

The crest of this ridge is narrow. In many places the slopes of this ridge are steep, and in many places

they are broken.

CHAPTER II

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The physical characteristics of an area such as topography, climate and soils contribute to the
type, location and nature of development in that area, Major topographic features must be fully
considered to determine the potential effects. Soils, for instance, are frequently of such consistency
that water cannot percolate through them, this creating poor drainage conditions.
A. Topography

Russell County lies within the Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachian Highlands, and
consists of alternate valleys and ridges. These are a prominent feature of the Highlands region.
Russell County is divided by a broad lowland belt about 12 miles wide that extends in a northeast-
southwest direction. The belt is bordered on each side by comparatively high mountains and plateau
country. Valley floors range from about 1,400 feet above sea level on the Clinch River in the extreme
western part of the county, to about 2,600 feet southwest of Lebanon near the headwaters of
Moccasin Creek and Little Cedar Creek. The reliefiin the valley areas is moderately sloping or rolling
to hilly and steep. The interstream ridges range from about 2,300 to 3,600 feet in elevation.

Copper Ridge and Moccasin Ridge in the southwestern part of the county are the most
prominent ridges of the lowland belt. Copper Ridge ranges from narrow to comparatively broad, and
short spurs extend from it in some places. The sides of the ridge are comparatively steep and in
places are cut by deep ravines. Moccasin Ridge ranges from about 2,300 to 2,800 feet in elevation,
The crest of this ridge is narrow. In many places the slopes of this ridge are steep, and in many places

they are broken.

U-1




II - 2

River Mountain and House and Barn Mountain, in the eastern part, reach the highest

elevations in the lowland belt. River Mountain ranges from about 2,500 to 3,250 feet and House and

Barn Mountain from about 2,500 to 3,600 feet above sea level. These ridges are characterized by

narrow crests and steep to rugged sides.

The valleys are those mainly made by the Clinch River and Cedar, Moccasin, Copper and

Indian Creeks. The relief of the uplands bordering these valleys is rolling to hilly, although it is steep

in the areas where the streams have cut deep, narrow passageways. Comparatively smooth uplands

are near and southwest of Castlewood and near Hansonville, Lebanon, Elk Garden, Rosedale and

Belfast. Strips of almost level to undulating land, ranging from a few feet to nearly half a mile in

width, are present as terraces or first bottoms near some streams. Close to the foot of some

mountains and at the base of some slopes the valleys are narrow to comparatively wide and gently

sloping. Limestone sinks, ranging from a few feet to several hundred feet in diameter, have formed

in many places.

In the northern part of the county are areas that have been thoroughly dissected by streams,

with the result being that the land features consist of steep ridges and narrow valleys. There is

practically no smooth upland or lowland in these areas. Divide Ridge, Buffalo Mountain, Brassy

Ridge, Flat Top Ridge, Sourwood Mountain Hollow, Poplar Ridge, Middle Ridge, Little Fork Ridge

and Hortons Ridge are in this part of the county. Pine Ridge, in the western part, is also prominent.

Sandy Ridge and Big A Mountain are in the extreme north, and the county line for the most

part follows their crests. Sandy Ridge ranges from about 2,400 to 3,200 feet above sea level. The

summit of this ridge is somewhat winding. Rising to an altitude of 3,735 feet, Big  A Mountain is

the highest mountain in the county north of the Clinch River.

River Mountain and House and Barn Mountain, in the eastern part, reach the highest
elevations in the lowland belt. River Mountain ranges from about 2,500 to 3,250 feet and House and
Barn Mountain from about 2,500 to 3,600 feet above sea level. These ridges are characterized by
narrow crests and steep to rugged sides.

The valleys are those mainly made by the Clinch River and Cedar, Moccasin, Copper and
Indian Creeks. The relief of the uplands bordering these valleys is rolling to hilly, although itis steep
in the areas where the streams have cut deep, narrow passageways, Comparatively smooth uplands
are near and southwest of Castlewood and near Hansonville, Lebanon, Elk Garden, Rosedale and
Belfast. Strips of almost level to undulating land, ranging from a few feet to nearly half a mile in
width, are present as terraces or first bottoms near some streams. Close to the foot of some
mountains and at the base of some slopes the valleys are narrow to comparatively wide and gently
sloping. Limestone sinks, ranging from a few feet to several hundred feet in diameter, have formed
in many places.

In the northern part of the county are areas that have been thoroughly dissected by streams,
with the result being that the land features consist of steep ridges and narrow valleys. There is
practically no smooth upland or lowland in these areas. Divide Ridge, Buffalo Mountain, Brassy
Ridge, Flat Top Ridge, Sourwood Mountain Hollow, Poplar Ridge, Middle Ridge, Little Fork Ridge
and Hortons Ridge are in this part of the county. Pine Ridge, in the western part, is also prominent.

Sandy Ridge and Big A Mountain are in the extreme north, and the county line for the most
part follows their crests. Sandy Ridge ranges from about 2,400 to 3,200 feet above sea level. The
summit of this ridge is somewhat winding. Rising to an altitude of 3,735 feet, Big A Mountain is

the highest mountain in the county north of the Clinch River.

u-2




II - 3

Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development Plan
‘Slopes 20% and Above

[sees 20% and Above





II - 4

Clinch Mountain is in the southeastern part of the county, and its crest forms the dividing line

between Russell County and Washington County and also between Russell County and Smyth

County. It is a well-defined ridge and ranges in elevation from about 3,000 to more than 4,000 feet.

Middle Knob, one of the highest points on Clinch Mountain, has an elevation of 4,208 feet, and

Hayters Gap has an elevation of 3,017 feet above sea level. The slope of the mountain southwest of

Hansonville ranges from about one half to one mile in width. Here the crest of the mountain is

narrow and the trend is almost straight. The slope is steep and is dissected by many drainageways

originating near the summit of the mountain. Eastward from a point near Hansonville the

mountainside ranges in width from about one-half to two miles. It is steep and considerably dissected

by drainageways, but near the base in places it becomes somewhat smoother. The crest of the

mountain is narrow and somewhat sinuous. Steep rock scarps appear in many places near the top.

In the southeastern part Clinch Mountain Spur branches from the main ridge of Clinch Mountain and

extends eastward into Tazewell County.

Beartown Mountain, with an elevation of 4,604 feet, stands near the southeastern corner. It

is the highest mountain in the county. The crest is narrow, and the slopes, ranging in width from

about one half to two miles, are steep and in many places broken.

Elevations above sea level for some of the more important towns are as follows: Artrip 1,560

feet, Finney, 1,588 feet, Carterton 1,495 feet, Castlewood 1,477 feet, Cleveland 1,425 feet,

Hansonville 2,175 feet, Honaker 1,900 feet, Lebanon 2,131 feet, Swords Creek 1,861 feet, Belfast

2,280 feet, Candlewax 1,985 feet, Dante 1,764 feet, Elk Garden 2,131 feet, Putnam 1,878 feet and

Wilder 2,250 feet. The various elevations and the drainage systems indicate that the general slope

is southwestward.

Clinch Mountain is in the southeastern part of the county, and its crest forms the dividing line
between Russell County and Washington County and also between Russell County and Smyth
County. It is a well-defined ridge and ranges in elevation from about 3,000 to more than 4,000 feet.
Middle Knob, one of the highest points on Clinch Mountain, has an elevation of 4,208 feet, and
Hayters Gap has an elevation of 3,017 feet above sea level. The slope of the mountain southwest of
Hansonville ranges from about one half to one mile in width. Here the crest of the mountain is
narrow and the trend is almost straight. The slope is steep and is dissected by many drainageways
originating near the summit of the mountain. Eastward from a point near Hansonville the
mountainside ranges in width from about one-half to two miles. Itis steep and considerably dissected
by drainageways, but near the base in places it becomes somewhat smoother. The crest of the
mountain is narrow and somewhat sinuous. Steep rock scarps appear in many places near the top.
In the southeastern part Clinch Mountain Spur branches from the main ridge of Clinch Mountain and
extends eastward into Tazewell County,

Beartown Mountain, with an elevation of 4,604 feet, stands near the southeastern corner. It
is the highest mountain in the county. The crest is narrow, and the slopes, ranging in width from
about one half to two miles, are steep and in many places broken.

Elevations above sea level for some of the more important towns are as follows: Artrip 1,560
feet, Finney, 1,588 feet, Carterton 1,495 feet, Castlewood 1,477 feet, Cleveland 1,425 feet,
Hansonville 2,175 feet, Honaker 1,900 feet, Lebanon 2,131 feet, Swords Creek 1,861 feet, Belfast
2,280 feet, Candlewax 1,985 feet, Dante 1,764 feet, Elk Garden 2,131 feet, Putnam 1,878 feet and
Wilder 2,250 feet. The various elevations and the drainage systems indicate that the general slope

is southwestward.

u-4




II - 5

B. Climate

The climate of Russell County is continental. The mean annual temperature is 54.6 degrees

F. Considerable variation in seasonal temperature exists; the difference between the summer average

and the winter average is almost 33 degrees. Although there is a wide variation in temperature, the

climate is fairly mild. The average rainfall is 50.82 inches. The greatest amount of rainfall is in the

spring and summer.

C. Geology

Russell County has two distinct geological regions. First, the area of the county which lies

south of the Clinch River consists of valleys and ridges that lie in a northeasterly to southwesterly

direction. In this area, the various rock formations are found to consist of long narrow bands which

follow the same course as the ridges and valleys. These bands vary in size from 50 to 1,000 yards

in width to 2 to 114 miles in length. Limestone and dolomite with intermittent shale are the

predominant rock types in these bands. The arrangement of hard and soft rocks in alternate

formations accounts for the elongated ridges and the positions of most of the streams. The ridges

were formed by the edges of upturned hard rocks and are generally narrow and straight. Between the

ridges of hard rock are valleys of softer rocks in which erosion has determined the stream and river

beds. 

Much of the residential and commercial development in Russell County has occurred in this

valley and ridge area, largely due to the relatively flat terrain. Lebanon, Russell County’s largest

town, is located in the middle of Lebanon Valley the largest valley in the county. Castlewood,

Honaker and Cleveland, the county’s other major towns, are located on the periphery of the Valley

and Ridge province near the Cumberland Plateau.

ate

The climate of Russell County is continental. The mean annual temperature is 54.6 degrees
F. Considerable variation in seasonal temperature exists; the difference between the summer average
and the winter average is almost 33 degrees. Although there is a wide variation in temperature, the
climate is fairly mild. The average rainfall is 50.82 inches. The greatest amount of rainfall is in the
spring and summer.

Cc. Geology

Russell County has two distinct geological regions. First, the area of the county which lies
south of the Clinch River consists of valleys and ridges that lie in a northeasterly to southwesterly
direction. In this area, the various rock formations are found to consist of long narrow bands which
follow the same course as the ridges and valleys. These bands vary in size from 50 to 1,000 yards
in width to 2 to 114 miles in length. Limestone and dolomite with intermittent shale are the
predominant rock types in these bands. The arrangement of hard and soft rocks in alternate
formations accounts for the elongated ridges and the positions of most of the streams. The ridges
were formed by the edges of upturned hard rocks and are generally narrow and straight. Between the
ridges of hard rock are valleys of softer rocks in which erosion has determined the stream and river
beds.

Much of the residential and commercial development in Russell County has occurred in this
valley and ridge area, largely due to the relatively flat terrain, Lebanon, Russell County’s largest
town, is located in the middle of Lebanon Valley the largest valley in the county. Castlewood,
Honaker and Cleveland, the county’s other major towns, are located on the periphery of the Valley

and Ridge province near the Cumberland Plateau.

u-5




II - 6

Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development Plan

Karst and 20 % and above Slopes Topography

Legend
[Hii commoner ana Lovee Ornisen Caronates
issesppin Catbonstes

[stro Devonian careonates

© Stonee20% and Atore





II - 7

The combination of a terrain and soil suitability in this area of the county has made possible

a thriving agricultural economy, mainly geared to livestock and feed operations. Terrain features

have also been a factor in the establishment of several manufacturing plants in the valley area. It is

here that a greater degree of economic diversification is found.

In the northern section of the county, there is a distinctively different physiological and

geological situation. The ridges and valleys form no consistent patterns, grasslands give way to

timberland and the geologic formations are no longer narrow elongated bands with alternating rock

types. This area of the county is the coal-bearing portion where the rock is uniform and dominated

by sandstone. The physical and economic development of this section of the county is chiefly

oriented toward the coal industry. The majority of the people living in the area are rural non-farm.

There are no incorporated towns in this area and only three areas of concentrated population -

Swords Creek/Pumpkin Center, Dante, and Raven.

D. Drainage

Approximately 74 percent of Russell County is drained by the Clinch River. The Clinch

follows a meandering course along the greatest length of the county, and forms part of the boundary

between Russell and Wise Counties. Its main tributaries, Little River and Big Cedar Creek, enter it

from the east and the south, respectively. Swords, Lewis, Chaney, Weaver, Thompson, and Lick

Creeks are smaller tributaries that descend from Sandy Ridge. Copper Creek rises in the central part

of the county and flows southwestward into Scott County, entering the Clinch near Clinchport.

About 26 percent of the county drains into the Holston River. Moccasin Creek drains a small

area in the southwestern corner of the county, and Tumbling Creek drains a small area on Clinch

Mountain in the southeastern section of the county. Local drainage reaches the Tennessee River

‘The combination of a terrain and soil suitability in this area of the county has made possible
a thriving agricultural economy, mainly geared to livestock and feed operations. Terrain features
have also been a factor in the establishment of several manufacturing plants in the valley area. It is
here that a greater degree of economic diversification is found.

In the northern section of the county, there is a distinctively different physiological and
geological situation, The ridges and valleys form no consistent patterns, grasslands give way to
timberland and the geologic formations are no longer narrow elongated bands with alternating rock
types. This area of the county is the coal-bearing portion where the rock is uniform and dominated
by sandstone. The physical and economic development of this section of the county is chiefly
oriented toward the coal industry. The majority of the people living in the area are rural non-farm.
There are no incorporated towns in this area and only three areas of concentrated population -
Swords Creek/Pumpkin Center, Dante, and Raven,

D. Drainage

‘Approximately 74 percent of Russell County is drained by the Clinch River. The Clinch
follows a meandering course along the greatest length of the county, and forms part of the boundary
between Russell and Wise Counties. Its main tributaries, Little River and Big Cedar Creek, enter it
from the east and the south, respectively. Swords, Lewis, Chaney, Weaver, Thompson, and Lick
Creeks are smaller tributaries that descend from Sandy Ridge. Copper Creek rises in the central part
of the county and flows southwestward into Scott County, entering the Clinch near Clinchport.

About 26 percent of the county drains into the Holston River. Moccasin Creek drains a small
area in the southwestern corner of the county, and Tumbling Creek drains a small area on Clinch

Mountain in the southeastern section of the county. Local drainage reaches the Tennessee River

u-7




II - 8

through the Clinch and Holston Rivers and ultimately makes its way into the Mississippi. 

The numerous streams in the county give the entire surface ample drainage outlets. With

sloping, hilly and steep relief, all of the uplands have adequate or excessive surface drainage. The

only poorly drained areas are in the flats and slight depressions near streams.

The control of drainage poses a serious problem in several areas of Russell County,

specifically along the Clinch River. In the early 1980's completion of a flood control project

alleviated the drainage problems in South St. Paul, but the Town of Cleveland is especially

susceptible to flooding from the Clinch as well as the communities of Swords Creek, Carbo and

Cartertown. All of these communities are located in low lying areas near the Clinch and almost

always experience some flooding each year. The lack of any means of flood control is a deterrent to

growth in these areas.

A detailed overview of the flood problem along the Clinch River, mainly in the Cleveland

vicinity, was prepared by the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1960. This report was prompted by the

occurrence of the 1957 flood, which until 1977 was the largest known flood on the Clinch. The

report is still of great importance to the county, especially in light of the impact of the 1957 and 1977

floods.

Three significant phases of flood problems are covered by the TVA report. The first brings

together a record of the largest known floods of the past on the Clinch River. The second deals with

regional floods. These floods are derived from consideration of the largest floods known to have

occurred on streams of similar physical characteristics in the same general geographical region as

that of Clinch River. The third develops the Maximum Probable Floods for the Clinch River. Floods

of this magnitude occur infrequently and are considerably larger than any that have occurred in the

through the Clinch and Holston Rivers and ultimately makes its way into the Mississippi.

The numerous streams in the county give the entire surface ample drainage outlets. With
sloping, hilly and steep relief, all of the uplands have adequate or excessive surface drainage. The
only poorly drained areas are in the flats and slight depressions near streams.

The control of drainage poses a serious problem in several areas of Russell County,
specifically along the Clinch River. In the early 1980's completion of a flood control project
alleviated the drainage problems in South St. Paul, but the Town of Cleveland is especially
susceptible to flooding from the Clinch as well as the communities of Swords Creek, Carbo and
Cartertown, All of these communities are located in low lying areas near the Clinch and almost
always experience some flooding each year. The lack of any means of flood control is a deterrent to
growth in these areas.

A detailed overview of the flood problem along the Clinch River, mainly in the Cleveland
vicinity, was prepared by the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1960. This report was prompted by the
occurrence of the 1957 flood, which until 1977 was the largest known flood on the Clinch. The
report is still of great importance to the county, especially in light of the impact of the 1957 and 1977
floods.

Three significant phases of flood problems are covered by the TVA report. The first brings
together a record of the largest known floods of the past on the Clinch River. The second deals with
regional floods. These floods are derived from consideration of the largest floods known to have
occurred on streams of similar physical characteristics in the same general geographical region as
that of Clinch River. The third develops the Maximum Probable Floods for the Clinch River. Floods

of this magnitude occur infrequently and are considerably larger than any that have occurred in the

u-8




II - 9

past. These are the floods that are considered in planning protective works.

E. Soils

In Russell County the soil is generally composed of a light to heavy textured surface soil and

a heavier textured subsoil. The subsoil ranges in color from a brownish yellow to brownish red and

in structure and consistency from friable and brittle to tough and plastic. Below the subsoil, which

is about three feet thick, the soil material of mixed colors is made up of decomposed rock material

that in most places is friable and crumbly. The surface soil ranges from about 6 to 10 inches in

thickness and is prevailing fine and consists of silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, very fine sandy loam,

or fine sandy loam. No large areas of heavy intractable soil or large areas of deep, highly leached

sandy soil have developed. Many rock fragments, ranging from small angular stones to boulders, are

present on the soils in some of the mountainous areas and in many places at the base of mountains.

Small angular fragments of chert, in places larger fragments, as well as fragments of sandstone, are

scattered on the surface and embedded in the soil on some of the ridges in the limestone belts.

The soils developed over limestone are generally deep and have the smoothest surface, as the

limestone, being less resistant to weathering, has dissolved readily. In general, these soils contain

more plant nutrients than the soils underlain by shale or sandstone. The soils developed over shale

or sandstone are not so deep as those developed over limestone. Owing to the resistance of the

bedrock to the agencies of weathering or to the steepness of slope, such soils also have a low content

of mineral plant nutrients in comparison with the soils developed from residuum of weathered

limestone.

past. These are the floods that are considered in planning protective works.
E. Soils

In Russell County the soil is generally composed ofa light to heavy textured surface soil and
a heavier textured subsoil. The subsoil ranges in color from a brownish yellow to brownish red and
in structure and consistency from friable and brittle to tough and plastic. Below the subsoil, which
is about three feet thick, the soil material of mixed colors is made up of decomposed rock material
that in most places is friable and crumbly. The surface soil ranges from about 6 to 10 inches in
thickness and is prevailing fine and consists of silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, very fine sandy loam,
or fine sandy loam, No large areas of heavy intractable soil or large areas of deep, highly leached
sandy soil have developed. Many rock fragments, ranging from small angular stones to boulders, are
present on the soils in some of the mountainous areas and in many places at the base of mountains.
Small angular fragments of chert, in places larger fragments, as well as fragments of sandstone, are
scattered on the surface and embedded in the soil on some of the ridges in the limestone belts.

The soils developed over limestone are generally deep and have the smoothest surface, as the
limestone, being less resistant to weathering, has dissolved readily. In general, these soils contain
more plant nutrients than the soils underlain by shale or sandstone. The soils developed over shale
or sandstone are not so deep as those developed over limestone. Owing to the resistance of the
bedrock to the agencies of weathering or to the steepness of slope, stich soils also have a low content
of mineral plant nutrients in comparison with the soils developed from residuum of weathered

limestone.

u-9




II - 10

1-10

Planning District Commission fm

Plateau

Pa

Sol tap—Russe County, Vena




II - 11

The rocks not only have furnished the material for the various soils, but because of their

varying resistance to the forces of weathering have also caused much inequality in the surface of the

land, ranging from smooth to hilly, steep, and broken. The mountains owe their existence to the

hardness and resistance to weathering of the sandstone and other rocks underneath them.

The lowland belt owes its smooth surface to the fact that limestone dissolves readily. The

shale, sandstone, and chert present with the limestone in the lowland belt are largely responsible for

the ridges in the limestone country because they are relatively insoluble. The rock formations are not

everywhere covered with soil, and there are numerous small exposures of limestone. On mountain

slopes in many places there are small outcrops of sandstone and in some places comparatively large

areas of bare rock. Rather large areas of uniform soil have developed over the various rock

formations, but, where the relief is hilly and steep, minor differences in soils appear, especially in

the thickness of the surface soil and the subsoil.

The reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid, except in the bottoms near streams

and in a few areas underlain by limestone. Most of the soils are comparatively low in important

nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, lime, magnesium, and others, although the soils

over limestone and those of the bottom lands generally are richer in these nutrients than are the soils

over sandstones and shales.

Many of the soils on the uplands do not contain a large quantity of organic matter. In forested

areas a small quantity of dark colored organic matter, derived mainly from the decay of leaves and

twigs, is mixed in the top most inch or two of the surface soil. In some pastures grass has contributed

a small quantity of organic matter to the upper part of the surface soil. Brown soils derived from

alluvial material near streams and those formed from colluvial material near the bases of slopes and

The rocks not only have furnished the material for the various soils, but because of their
varying resistance to the forces of weathering have also caused much inequality in the surface of the
land, ranging from smooth to hilly, steep, and broken. The mountains owe their existence to the
hardness and resistance to weathering of the sandstone and other rocks underneath them,

The lowland belt owes its smooth surface to the fact that limestone dissolves readily. The
shale, sandstone, and chert present with the limestone in the lowland belt are largely responsible for
the ridges in the limestone country because they are relatively insoluble. The rock formations are not
everywhere covered with soil, and there are numerous small exposures of limestone. On mountain

slopes in many places there are small outcrops of sandstone and in some place

comparatively large
areas of bare rock. Rather large areas of uniform soil have developed over the various rock
formations, but, where the relief is hilly and steep, minor differences in soils appear, especially in
the thickness of the surface soil and the subsoil.

The reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid, except in the bottoms near streams
and in a few areas underlain by limestone. Most of the soils are comparatively low in important
nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, lime, magnesium, and others, although the soils
over limestone and those of the bottom lands generally are richer in these nutrients than are the soils
over sandstones and shales.

Many of the soils on the uplands do not contain a large quantity of organic matter. In forested
areas a small quantity of dark colored organic matter, derived mainly from the decay of leaves and
twigs, is mixed in the top most inch or two of the surface soil. In some pastures grass has contributed
a small quantity of organic matter to the upper part of the surface soil, Brown soils derived from

alluvial material near streams and those formed from colluvial material near the bases of slopes and

W-11




II - 12

in depressions apparently contain a moderate quantity of well-decomposed organic matter in the

surface soil.

A recently completed soil survey of Russell County was conducted by USDA-NRCS. The

soil survey describes the characteristics of the soils, classifies the soils according to a standard

system of classification, plots the boundaries of the soils on a map, and makes predictions about the

behavior of the soils. The different uses of the soils and how the response of management affects

them are considered. The information in this soil survey helps in the development of land use plans

and evaluates and predicts the effects of land use on the environment.  

 F. Natural Resources

The most important mineral resource in Russell County is coal. The southwestern Virginia

coalfield is part of the larger central Appalachian coal region which also includes parts of southern

West Virginia and eastern Kentucky.

Although specific distribution and consumption markets change annually in response to

national and global economic trends, Virginia coals are well suited for generating electricity,

producing coke, and suppling industrial users. Our geographic location provides proximity to major

electric utility generating facilities and major international ports along the mid-Atlantic and

southeastern U.S. coastline. 

According to a 2000 report published by the Powell River Project, economically mineable

coal reserves of 1.6 billion tons were estimated to remain in southwestern Virginia. This report

indicates 129.2 million tons of production for Russell County through 1997, with a total of 132.1

million tons of reserves remaining. 

in depressions apparently contain a moderate quantity of well-decomposed organic matter in the
surface soil.

A recently completed soil survey of Russell County was conducted by USDA-NRCS. The
soil survey describes the characteristics of the soils, classifies the soils according to a standard
system of classification, plots the boundaries of the soils on a map, and makes predictions about the
behavior of the soils. The different uses of the soils and how the response of management affects
them are considered. The information in this soil survey helps in the development of land use plans
and evaluates and predicts the effects of land use on the environment.

F. Natural Resources

The most important mineral resource in Russell County is coal. The southwestern Virginia
coalfield is part of the larger central Appalachian coal region which also includes parts of southern
West Virginia and eastern Kentucky,

Although specific distribution and consumption markets change annually in response to
national and global economic trends, Virginia coals are well suited for generating electricity,
producing coke, and suppling industrial users. Our geographic location provides proximity to major
electric utility generating facilities and major international ports along the mid-Atlantic and
southeastern U.S. coastline.

According to a 2000 report published by the Powell River Project, economically mineable
coal reserves of 1.6 billion tons were estimated to remain in southwestem Virginia. This report
indicates 129.2 million tons of production for Russell County through 1997, with a total of 132.1

million tons of reserves remaining.

W- 12




II - 13

G.  Renewable Resources

Timber is an abundant renewable resource in Russell County, and should be managed

properly. The Forest Service, part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, estimates the amount of

timber resources, as well as the condition and types available. The Forest Service assists in the

management of forest resources, and through research and cooperation with state and private forest

owners, provides technical advice and services. 

Table II - 1
Volume of Growing Stock and Sawtimber on Timberland: 1992

Russell All Other Soft Hard

County Species Pine Softwood Hardwood Hardwood

1Growing Stock 320,466 ----- 5,097 121,779 193,590

2Sawtimber 1,040,442 ----- 14,991 393,625 631,826

1 - Thousand cubic feet 2 - Thousand board feet

Source: Thompson, Michael T. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest Statistics for the Southern Mountains, 1992, annual.

Sawtimber size trees must have a diameter of at least 9 inches for softwoods, 11 inches for

hardwoods. The diameter is measured outside the bark at breast height, 4.5 feet above the ground.

Growing stock trees are commercial trees having a diameter of 5 inches or larger at breast height,

with sawtimber sized trees included. A growing stock tree must contain at least a 12-foot log, or have

two noncontiguous saw logs each eight feet or longer. Grade requirements, a classification based on

external characteristics which indicate value, must also be met.

Softwood trees are gymnosperms, usually evergreen trees, having needles or scale-like

leaves. Pine is a softwood; other softwood includes cypress, cedar, hemlock, spruce and fir.

Hardwood trees are angiosperms, and typically are broad leaved and deciduous. Hard wood trees can

G. Renewal

Resources

Timber is an abundant renewable resource in Russell County, and should be managed
properly. The Forest Service, part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, estimates the amount of
timber resources, as well as the condition and types available. The Forest Service assists in the
management of forest resources, and through research and cooperation with state and private forest

‘owners, provides technical advice and services.

Table Il - 1
Volume of Growing Stock and Sawtimber on Timberland: 1992
Russell All Other Soft Hard
Count Species Pine Softwood Hardwood Hardwood
Growing Stock, 320,466 00 ----- 5,097 121,779 193,590
Sawtimber, 1,040,442 ----- 14,991 393,625 631,826
1 - Thousand eubie feet 2. Thousand boatd feet

Source: Thompson, Michael T. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forest

ies forthe Souther Mountains, 1992, anna

Sawtimber size trees must have a diameter of at least 9 inches for softwoods, 11 inches for
hardwoods. The diameter is measured outside the bark at breast height, 4.5 feet above the ground.
Growing stock trees are commercial trees having a diameter of 5 inches or larger at breast height,
with sawtimber sized trees included. A growing stock tree must contain at least a 12-foot log, or have
two noncontiguous saw logs each eight feet or longer. Grade requirements, a classification based on
external characteristics which indicate value, must also be met.

Softwood trees are gymnosperms, usually evergreen trees, having needles or scale-like
leaves. Pine is a softwood; other softwood includes cypress, cedar, hemlock, spruce and fir.

Hardwood trees are angiosperms, and typically are broad leaved and deciduous. Hard wood trees can

n-13




II - 14

be either soft or hard textured, therefore are listed as soft hardwood or hard hardwood.

Hard textured hardwoods include sugar maple, birch, hickory, dogwood, beech, ash, black

walnut, mulberry and oak. Red and silver maple, sycamore, willow and elm are examples of soft

textured hardwoods. Yellow Poplar, which is a significant component of Russell County forests, is

also a soft textured hardwood.

Table II - 2 
Average Growth and Removal of Growing Stock and Sawtimber: 1986-1991

Net Growth Removals

Growing Stock        7,643    3,385

Sawtimber      31,718  14,344

Source: Thompson, Michael T. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.  Forest Statistics for the Southern Mountains, 1992. annual.

Due to past harvesting methods, forest fires and woodland grazing, the quality of timberland

in Russell County and the surrounding counties has steadily declined. Traditionally, the forests of

these counties have been selectively cut or “high graded”, where the best timber is removed and less

desirable timber becomes dominant. The result is a species conversion from the preferred Yellow

Poplar and Upland Oak to beech, maple and lower quality oak.

Through better management techniques, such as proper preharvest, harvest, and post-harvest

practices, the quality of this renewable resource will be improved. In addition, proper management

will protect soil and water quality and enhance wildlife.

 H. Sensitive Habitats

If adequate examples of each of Virginia’s natural community types are protected, then the

majority of the species native to the state will be preserved because they are the usual components

of those communities. The Pinnacles Natural Area Preserve is home to a large number of endangered

be either soft or hard textured, therefore are listed as soft hardwood or hard hardwood.

Hard textured hardwoods include sugar maple, birch, hickory, dogwood, beech, ash, black
walnut, mulberry and oak, Red and silver maple, sycamore, willow and elm are examples of soft
textured hardwoods. Yellow Poplar, which is a significant component of Russell County forests, is

also a soft textured hardwood.

Table II - 2
Average Growth and Removal of Growing Stock and Sawtimber: 1986-1991
Net Growth Removals
Growing Stock 7,643 3,385
Sawtimber 31,718 14,344

Source: Thompson, Michael, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Statistics forthe Southern Mountains, 1992. annual

Due to past harvesting methods, forest fires and woodland grazing, the quality of timberland
in Russell County and the surrounding counties has steadily declined. Traditionally, the forests of
these counties have been selectively cut or “high graded”, where the best timber is removed and less
desirable timber becomes dominant. The result is a species conversion from the preferred Yellow
Poplar and Upland Oak to beech, maple and lower quality oak.

Through better management techniques, such as proper preharvest, harvest, and post-harvest
practices, the quality of this renewable resource will be improved. In addition, proper management
will protect soil and water quality and enhance wildlife.

H. Sensi

Habitats
Ifadequate examples of each of Virginia’s natural community types are protected, then the
majority of the species native to the state will be preserved because they are the usual components

of those communities. The Pinnacles Natural Area Preserve is home to a large number of endangered

W-14




II - 15

and threatened species of plants and animals. The area is now officially under the management of

the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation(DCR), and various ecological management

practices will be used at the preserve. Since 1989 DCR has acquired other properties adjacent to the

Pinnacle that have important natural heritage values and they have been incorporated into the Natural

Area Preserve. Another Natural Preserve Area has been acquired downstream near Cleveland that

is called the Cleveland Barrens Natural Area Preserve.  

The title “natural area” may be applied to a variety of resource types, and the given definition

of a natural area, as stated in the 1989 Virginia Outdoors Plan, is as follows: “An area of land,

wetland, or water which manifests a natural character, although it need not be completely

undisturbed, and/or which sustains rare or exemplary natural features characteristic of Virginia’s

natural heritage and which has scientific or educational value.”

The 2005 General Assembly requested that DCR conduct a study to determine the feasibility

of establishing day use recreational access sites along the Clinch River in the vicinity of the

Pinnacles Natural Area Preserve. The significance of the region led the study team to expand the

study to the consideration of a more comprehensive range of recreational development options

encompassing the entire study area. The study team concluded that the region has many assets that,

when considered together, create the critical mass of special features required for development of

a destination eco-tourism economy.

Beginning with the Open Space Land Act in 1966, the General Assembly authorized local

governments and park authorities to acquire land/or certain rights in order to preserve open space.

According to this law, land may qualify for protection if it displays significant natural features or

historic, scenic, or scientific qualities.

and threatened species of plants and animals. The area is now officially under the management of
the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation(DCR), and various ecological management
practices will be used at the preserve. Since 1989 DCR has acquired other properties adjacent to the
Pinnacle that have important natural heritage values and they have been incorporated into the Natural
‘Area Preserve. Another Natural Preserve Area has been acquired downstream near Cleveland that
is called the Cleveland Barrens Natural Area Preserve.

The title “natural area” may be applied to a variety of resource types, and the given definition

of a natural area, as stated in the 1989 Virginia Outdoors Plan, is as follows: “An area of land,

wetland, or water which manifests a natural character, although it need not be completely
undisturbed, and/or which sustains rare or exemplary natural features characteristic of Virginia’s
natural heritage and which has scientific or educational value.”

The 2005 General Assembly requested that DCR conduct a study to determine the feasibility
of establishing day use recreational access sites along the Clinch River in the vicinity of the
Pinnacles Natural Area Preserve. The significance of the region led the study team to expand the
study to the consideration of a more comprehensive range of recreational development options
encompassing the entire study area. The study team concluded that the region has many assets that,
when considered together, create the critical mass of special features required for development of
a destination eco-tourism economy.

Beginning with the Open Space Land Act in 1966, the General Assembly authorized local
governments and park authorities to acquire land/or certain rights in order to preserve open space.

According to this law, land may qualify for protection if it displays significant natural features or

historic, scenic, or scientific qualities.

W-15




II - 16

Legal foundation for resource preservation of this type also comes from a 1970 addition to

the Virginia Constitution which says “...Further it shall be the Commonwealth’s policy to protect its

atmosphere, lands, and waters from pollution, impairment, or destruction for the benefit,

employment, and general welfare of the people of the Commonwealth.”

In 1999, the General Assembly and the governor established the Virginia Land Conservation

Foundation to help fund protection of Virginia’s natural and cultural resources. Funds from the

foundation are used to establish permanent conservation easements and to purchase open spaces and

parklands, lands of historical and cultural significance, farmlands and forest, and natural areas. State

agencies, local governments, public bodies and registered non-profit groups are eligible to receive

matching grants from the foundation.

By using traditional land acquisition techniques, along with administrative and voluntary

protection by landowners, the components of Russell County’s natural diversity can be safeguarded

and provide the basis for an eco-tourism economy.

 

 

Legal foundation for resource preservation of this type also comes from a 1970 addition to
the Virginia Constitution which says “...Further it shall be the Commonwealth’s policy to protect its
atmosphere, lands, and waters from pollution, impairment, or destruction for the benefit,
employment, and general welfare of the people of the Commonwealth.”

In 1999, the General Assembly and the governor established the Virginia Land Conservation
Foundation to help fund protection of Virginia's natural and cultural resources. Funds from the
foundation are used to establish permanent conservation easements and to purchase open spaces and
parklands, lands of historical and cultural significance, farmlands and forest, and natural areas. State
agencies, local governments, public bodies and registered non-profit groups are eligible to receive
matching grants from the foundation.

By using traditional land acquisition techniques, along with administrative and voluntary
protection by landowners, the components of Russell County’s natural diversity can be safeguarded

and provide the basis for an eco-tourism economy.

1-16




III-1 
 

CHAPTER III 

POPULATION 

 Demographic Overview 

  

Analysis and projection of population are at the base of all planning decisions.  As a measure of 

the size and density of the various groups within Russell County’s population, they determine the level 

of demand for future infrastructure and serve as indices of most county concerns.  The importance of 

population analysis and population projections to all aspects of planning reflect the consequences of 

local change and serve as a basis for the design and location of future local facilities both public and 

private. 

 As shown in Table III-1, an overview of population in Russell County over the last several 

decades reveals an uneven trend. 

 
                    Table  III-1 

   

 
                     Population 

   

 
  Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 

  

 
                   By Census Year  

  

 
                      1970-2010 

   

      
Jurisdiction 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 

Russell County 24,533 31,761 28,667 29,258 28,897 

Town of Cleveland  357 360 214 148 202 

Town of Honaker  911 1,475 950 945 1,449*¹ 

Town of Lebanon  2,272 3,206 3,386 3,273 3,424*2 

CPPDC 112,497 140,067 123,580 118,279 113,976 

Virginia 4,648,494 5,346,818 6,187,358 7,078,515 8,001,024 
           Source: US Census Bureau 1970 – 2010 

 *1.  Boundary Adjustment Town of Honaker 2006 

 *2.  Boundary Adjustments Town of Lebanon (Feb 2005; July 2005; Nov. 2007) 

  

 

 

 

  

Demographic Overview

CHAPTER IL

POPULATION

Analysis and projection of population are at the base of all planning decisions.

the size and density of the various groups within Russell County’s population, they determine the level
of demand for future infrastructure and serve as indices of most county concerns. ‘The importance of
population analysis and population projections to all aspects of planning reflect the consequences of

local change and serve as a basis for the design and location of future local facilities both public and

private.

As shown in Table III-1, an overview of population in Russell County over the last several

decades reveals an uneven trend.

Table Ill-1
Population
Russell County, CPPDC, Vi
By Census Year
1970-2010
Jurisdi 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Russell County 24,533 | 31,761 | 28,667 | 29,258 | 28,897
Town of Cleveland 357 360 2a | 148 202
Town of Honaker out 1,475 950 | 945 1,449""
Town of Lebanon 2,272 3,206 3,386 | 3,273 | 3,424?
cPPDC 112,497 | 140,067 | 123,580 | 118,279 | 113,976
Virginia 4,648,494 | 5,346,818 | 6,187,358 | 7,078,515 | 8,001,024

Source: US Census Bureau 1970 — 2010

*1, Boundary Adjustment Town of Honaker 2006
*2. Boundary Adjustments Town of Lebanon (Feb 2005; July 2005; Nov. 2007)

ua

As a measure of





III-2 
 

A.  Population Trends 

 Between 1970 and 1980, Russell County’s population increased by 29.46 percent, an average 

annual growth rate of 2.95 percent.  During the decade the 29.46 percent increase was driven by a boom 

in Southwest Virginia’s bituminous coal industry.  The growth of the 1970’s was followed by a decrease 

of 9.74 percent during the 1980’s, then grew at a rate of 5.72 percent during the 1990’s, followed by a 

decline of 4.65 percent between 2000 and 2010.  Overall between 1970 and 2010 Russell County’s 

population increased by 17.79 percent. 

 The most surprising aspect of Russell County’s population trends is the loss of population 

between 2000 and 2010.  Beginning in the late 1990’s, the leadership in Russell County developed a 

vision for the creation of a twenty-first century economic development initiative in the emerging 

telecommunications area.  By early 2006, Northrup Grumman and CGI, two IT giants had located in the 

county creating 600 high skill, high wage ICT (Information and Communications Technology) jobs.  

This, however, did not lead to the expected growth in population.  Further analysis based on commuting 

patterns (see Chapter VI) suggest that many of the jobs were filled by high skilled workers from 

adjoining counties.   

   
                                  Table  III-2 

    
   

Population Change 

   
   

               Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 

   
   

                    By Number and Percent 

   
    

1970-2010 

    

 

Russell County CPPDC Virginia 

Decade Numeric Percent  
AVG 

Annual Numeric Percent  
AVG 

Annual Numeric Percent  
AVG 

Annual 

Change Change Growth Change Change Growth Change Change Growth 

1970-
1980 +7,228 +29.462% 2.95% +27,570 +24.507% 2.45% +698,324 +15.02% 1.50% 

1980-
1990 -3,094 -9.742% -0.97% -16,487 -11.771% -1.18% +840,540 +15.72% 1.57% 

1990-
2000 +1,641 +5.724% 0.57% -5,301 -4.29% -0.43% +891,157 +14.403% 1.44% 

2000-
2010 -1,411 -4.656% -0.47% -4,303 -3.638% -0.36% +922,509 +13.033% 1.30% 

1970-
2010 +4,364 17.79% 0.44% +1,479 1.32% 0.03% 3,352,530 +72.121% 1.80% 

Source: US Census Bureau 1970-2010 

Population Trends

Between 1970 and 1980, Russell County’s population increased by 29.46 percent, an average
annual growth rate of 2.95 percent. During the decade the 29.46 percent increase was driven by a boom
in Southwest Virginia’s bituminous coal industry. The growth of the 1970’s was followed by a decrease
of 9.74 percent during the 1980's, then grew at a rate of 5.72 percent during the 1990’s, followed by a
decline of 4.65 percent between 2000 and 2010. Overall between 1970 and 2010 Russell County’s
population increased by 17.79 percent.

The most surprising aspect of Russell County's population trends is the loss of population
between 2000 and 2010. Beginning in the late 1990’s, the leadership in Russell County developed a
vision for the creation of a twenty-first century economic development initiative in the emerging
telecommunications area. By early 2006, Northrup Grumman and CGI, two IT giants had located in the
county creating 600 high skill, high wage ICT (Information and Communications Technology) jobs.
This, however, did not lead to the expected growth in population. Further analysis based on commuting
patterns (see Chapter VI) suggest that many of the jobs were filled by high skilled workers from
adjoining counties.

Table I-2
Population Change
Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia
By Number and Percent
1970-2010

Russell County cppDc Virginia

AVG AVG AVG
Decade | Numeric | Percent | Annual | Numeric | Percent | Annual | Numeric | Percent | Annual
Change | Change | Growth | Change | Change | Growth | Change | Change | Growth

1970-
19s0_| 47,228 | +29.462% | 2.95% | +27,570 | +24.507% | 2.45% | +698,324 | +15.02% | 1.50%

wooo | 3058 | azax | oor | seas | anzmn | sax | ssansio | sasza% | asm
2000 | sae | sszzex | osrm | soa | -a20% | ose | ssonasr | ssanan | 1.00%
zoo | aan | -acsex | 4m | -a30s | ssen | asex | 1922500 | sis0ssn | 130%
oro | s436 | a77o% | oan | sare | asm | ooax | 3aszss0 | sreazx | 140%

Source: US Census Bureau 1970-2010

m2





III-3 
 

As shown in Table III-3, natural increase (the number of births minus the number of deaths) has been a 

significant factor in Russell County’s population loss.  The figures indicate a significant decline in the 

county’s young adults in the years of greatest child bearing potential.  Thus, there are two main factors 

driving Russell County’s population decline, an out-migration of young adults and a negative natural 

increase. 

Table  III-3 

Population 

Russell County 

By Natural Increase 

2000-2009 

 Year Live Births Deaths Natural Increase 

2000 275 310 -35 

2001 319 336 -17 

2002 305 324 -19 

2003 312 337 -25 

2004 262 352 -90 

2005 304 335 -31 

2006 284 350 -66 

2007 298 301 -3 

2008 339 349 -10 

2009 303 330 -27 

Source: Virginia Dept. of Health, Live Births and Deaths 2010 

 

B. Population Distribution and Density  

Density 

The early development of Russell County was oriented toward rural living, and this historic 

pattern is still prevalent in the county.  According to the 2010 Census of population, an estimated 88 

percent of county residents are living in rural areas, which are defined as communities with less than 

2,500 persons.  Only 12 percent of the county is classified as urban.  To be considered an urban area, 

population must reach a threshold level of 2,500.  Lebanon, with a population of 3,424, is the only area 

in Russell County which can be classified as urban.  The county as a whole has an average density of 62 

persons per square mile. 

As shown in Table III-3, natural increase (the number of births minus the number of deaths) has been a
significant factor in Russell County’s population loss. The figures indicate a significant decline in the
county’s young adults in the years of greatest child bearing potential. Thus, there are two main factors
driving Russell County’s population decline, an out-migration of young adults and a negative natural
increase.

Table 111-3
Population
Russell County
By Natural Increase

2000-2009
Year_| Live Births | Deaths | Natural Increase
2000 275 310 35
2001 319 336 “7
2002 305 | «324 | -19
2003 312 337 25
2004 262 352 90
2005 304 335 31
2006 284 350 66
2007 298 301 3
2008 339 «| «(349 | -10
2009 303 | 330 | 27

Source: Virginia Dept. of Health, Live Births and Deaths 2010

Population Distribution and Density
Density

The early development of Russell County was oriented toward rural living, and this historic
patter is still prevalent in the county. According to the 2010 Census of population, an estimated 88
percent of county residents are living in rural areas, which are defined as communities with less than
2,500 persons. Only 12 percent of the county is classified as urban. To be considered an urban area,
population must reach a threshold level of 2,500. Lebanon, with a population of 3,424, is the only area
in Russell County which can be classified as urban, The county as a whole has an average density of 62

persons per square mile,

ie}




III-4 
 

 Distribution 

Russell County’s population is not evenly distributed.  Most development has taken place in the 

corridors adjacent to major primary and secondary transportation routes.  The distribution of the 

population over such a wide area makes it more costly to provide the necessary infrastructure to serve 

the people.  Consequently, the county has lagged behind other jurisdictions in the provision of municipal 

water outside of the incorporated towns until recently .Subsequent to the passage of the Voting Rights 

Act in 1965, the county had to change from electing the Board of Supervisors by magisterial district to 

that of electing by election district.  Table III-4 makes it clear why that became necessary. 

 
                       Table III-4 

   

 
         Population  Distribution 

   

 
                   Russell County 

   

 
             By Magisterial District  

   

  
      1970-2010 

   

       
District Population 

Percent 
Change 

  1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 
1970-
2010 

Castlewood 7,805 8,889 7,716 7,313 7,073 -9.38% 

Lebanon 9,165 13,031 12,291 14,904 14,477 +57.96% 

New Garden 7,583 9,841 8,660 8,091 7,347 -3.11% 

  Source: US Census Bureau 1970-2010 

C. Racial Composition 

Historically, the population of Russell County has been predominantly White.  According to the 

2010 Census data, 97.8 percent of the population is classified as White, followed by Hispanic with 1 

percent, Black or African American with .8 percent and Asian with .2 percent.  It is important to note 

that the Hispanic population is higher than the African-American a trend which is likely to continue. 

 

 

stribution

Russell County's population is not evenly distributed. Most development has taken place in the
corridors adjacent to major primary and secondary transportation routes. The distribution of the
population over such a wide area makes it more costly to provide the necessary infrastructure to serve
the people. Consequently, the county has lagged behind other jurisdictions in the provision of municipal
water outside of the incorporated towns until recently Subsequent to the passage of the Voting Rights

Act in 1965, the county had to change from electing the Board of Supervisors by magisterial district to

that of electing by election district. Table III-4 makes it clear why that became necessary.

Table -4

Population bution
Russell County

By Magisterial District

1970-2010
i Percent
District, Population change
1970-

1970 | 1980 1990_| 2000 | 2010 2010
Castlewood 7,805 | 8,889 | 7,716 | 7,313 | 7,073 | -9.38%
Lebanon 9,165 | 13,031 | 12,291 | 14,904 | 14,477 | +57.96%
NewGarden | 7,583 | 9,841 | 8,660 | 8,091 | 7,347 | -3.11%
Source: US Census Bureau 1970-2010

Cc Racial Composition

Historically, the population of Russell County has been predominantly White. According to the
2010 Census data, 97.8 percent of the population is classified as White, followed by Hispanic with |
percent, Black or African American with .8 percent and Asian with .2 percent. It is important to note

that the Hispanic population is higher than the African-American a trend which is likely to continue.

m4




III-5 
 

   
                  Table III-5 

     

  
                                 Selected Racial Data 

    

  
                Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia 

   

   
By Population and Percentage  

    

    
    2010 

     

          

Jurisdiction Population White  Percent 
Black or 
African 

American  
Percent Asian Percent 

Hispanic 
Latino 

Percent 

Russell County 28,897 28,270 97.8% 233 0.8% 53 0.2% 275 1.0% 

CPPDC 113,976 109,689 96.23% 2,222 1.95% 409 0.36% 752 0.66% 

Virginia 8,001,024 5,486,852 68.6% 1,551,399 19.4% 439,890 5.5% 631,825 7.9% 

Source: US Census Bureau 2010 

D. Age/Sex Characteristics 

Over the past forty years Russell County’s population has grown older.  As shown in Table III-6,     

the median age has risen from 27.3 years in 1970 to 43 in 2010. 

                                                 Table III-6 
                                                Median Age 
                         Russell County, CPPDC, & Virginia 

            1970-2010 
  

        1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 

Russell 27.3 29.3 34.6 38.7 43 

CPPDC 26.35 28.2 34.1 39.5 43.2 

Virginia 26.8 29.8 32.6 35.7 37.5 

Source: US Census Bureau 1970-2010 

 

 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

Russell Median Age CPPDC Median Age Virginia Median Age 

Chart III -1 
Median Age 

1970 

1980 

1990 

2000 

2010 

Table IIIS
Selected Racial Data
Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia

By Population and Percentage

2010
Black or ispani
isdicti i a i Hispanic
Jurisdiction | Population | White | Percent | African | Percent | Asian | Percent | "| 21:0" | Percent
American
Russell County | 28,897 28,270 | 97.8% 233 0.8% 53 0.2% 275 1.0%
cPPDC 113,976 | 109,689 | 96.23% | 2,222 1.95% | 409 | 0.36% | 752 | 0.66%
Virginia 8,001,024 | 5,486,852 | 68.6% | 1,551,399 | 19.4% | 439,890 | 5.5% | 631,825 | 7.9%

Source: US Census Bureau 2010

D. — Age/Sex Characteristics

Over the past forty years Russell County's population has grown older. As shown in Table III-6,

the median age has risen from 27.3 years in 1970 to 43 in 2010.

Source: US Census Bureau 1970-2010

Table II1-6
Median Age
Russell County, CPPDC, &
1970-2010
1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010
Russell 27.3 | 29.3 | 346 | 38.7 43
cppoc | 26.35 | 28.2 | 341 | 395 | 43.2
Virginia | 268 | 298 | 32.6 | 35.7 37.5

50
40
30
20
10

Chart Il -1
Median Age

m1970

Russell Median Age

CPPDC Median Age

1980
= 1990
= 2000
= 2010

Virginia Median Age

us





III-6 
 

 

As can be seen in Table III-7 and by comparing the population between 2000 and 2010, the 

county experienced decline in all age groups except those in age groups 50 to 54 and above.  Males 

continue to slightly outnumber females in the 0-19 age bracket, while females continue to outnumber 

males in the 50 and older age categories.  As a percentage of the county’s total population, the youngest 

age categories (0-19) are declining, a fact supported by the negative natural increase. Since 2000, the 60 

and over age brackets have experienced the highest rate of growth.  Overall, Russell County’s 

population is growing older and out-migration continues to be the largest contributing factor to 

population decline. 

           Table III-7 

 
                                         Population 

   

 
                                     Russell County 

   

 
                            By Gender & Age Group 

  

  
          2000 - 2010 

   
   

Age 
2000 2010 

Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 

Total population 30,308 15,319 14,989 28,897 14,155 14,742 

Under 5 years 1,584 779 805 1,549 779 770 

5 to 9 years 1,746 864 882 1,588 799 789 

10 to 14 years 1,837 907 930 1,678 827 851 

15 to 19 years 1,942 1,021 921 1,754 908 846 

20 to 24 years 1,837 1,027 810 1,529 788 741 

25 to 29 years 2,271 1,281 990 1,561 821 740 

30 to 34 years 2,138 1,155 983 1,681 864 817 

35 to 39 years 2,486 1,341 1,145 1,923 938 985 

40 to 44 years 2,443 1,252 1,191 1,945 964 981 

45 to 49 years 2,467 1,263 1,204 2,206 1,078 1,128 

50 to 54 years 2,172 1,143 1,029 2,493 1,225 1,268 

55 to 59 years 1,912 897 1,015 2,246 1,098 1,148 

60 to 64 years 1,428 697 731 2,004 1,002 1,002 

65 to 69 years 1,196 512 684 1,574 737 837 

70 to 74 years 1,105 522 583 1,198 536 662 

75 to 79 years 824 364 460 920 383 537 

80 to 84 years 469 169 300 562 233 329 

85 and over 451 125 326 486 175 311 

Source: US Census Bureau 2010 

As can be seen in Table III-7 and by comparing the population between 2000 and 2010, the
county experienced decline in all age groups except those in age groups 50 to 54 and above. Males
continue to slightly outnumber females in the 0-19 age bracket, while females continue to outnumber
males in the 50 and older age categories. As a percentage of the county’s total population, the youngest
age categories (0-19) are declining, a fact supported by the negative natural increase. Since 2000, the 60
and over age brackets have experienced the highest rate of growth. Overall, Russell County’s
population is growing older and out-migration continues to be the largest contributing factor to

population decline.

Table III-7
Population
Russell County
By Gender & Age Group
2000 - 2010
Age 2000 2010
Both sexes | Male | Female | Bothsexes | Male | Female
Total population 30,308 15,319 | 14,989 | 28,897 14,155 | 14,742
Under 5 years 4,584 779 805 4,549 779 770
5 to 9 years 1,746 864 882 1,588 799 789
10 to 14 years 1,837 907 930 1,678 827 851
15to19 years | 1,942 4,021 921 4,754 908 846
20to24years | 4,837 1,027 810 1,529 788 TH
25to2years | 2.271 4,281 990 4,561 821 740
30 to 34 years 2,138 4,155 | 983 4,681 864 817
35 to 39 years 2,486 1341 | 1,145 1,923 938 985
40 to 44 years 2,443 4,252 4,191 1,945 964 981
45t049 years | 2,467 1,263 1,204 2,206 1,078 1,128
S0to54years | 2,172 1,143 | 1,029 2,493 4,225 1,268
55to59 years | 4,912 897 | 4,015 2,246 1,098 4148
60 to 64 years 1,428 697 734 2,004 4,002 | 4,002
65 to 69 years 1,196 512 684 1,874 737 837
70 to 74 years 1,105 522 583 1,198 536 662
75to79 years | 824 364 460 920 383 537
80to 84 years | 469 169 300 562 233 329
85andover | 4st 125 326 486 175 ant

Source: US Census Bureau 2010

ue




III-7 
 

 

E. Population Projections 

Population projections are based on the fact that population can increase in only two ways:  

natural increase (surplus of births over deaths) and net migration (surplus of in-migrants over out-

migrants).  As shown in Table III-8 population is projected to increase in Russell County by 2020 and 

continue to increase through 2030.  Even though the exercise of predicting the rate of population growth 

is challenging and somewhat inexact, the county needs projections to develop a base line to support 

planning for future infrastructure, housing demand and future land use planning.  The population 

projections used in this study are the August 2011 projections of the Virginia Employment Commission.  

The figures show that Russell County’s population will grow from 28,897 in 2010 to 32,439 in 2030, an 

increase of 12.29 percent.  The Virginia population projections are based on the Cohort component 

method of projecting demographic change.  Population changes are a result of three factors:  births, 

deaths, and migration.  Each of these factors, or components, is examined separately and then combined 

to produce population projections.  The population projections are developed for the locality using base 

data from the two most recent census periods.  The projections are not intended to represent optimal 

growth trends or goals for any county or city nor are they intended to constrain an area.  They are meant 

to provide insight on what could occur in the absence of any major change.  The projections should 

serve as common reference points in the planning and development process.  For development purposes 

each jurisdiction in Virginia is required to use the Virginia Employment Commission data.  For planning 

purposes the county may use its own data provided it can support the deviation. 

 

                                                  
 
 
                                            
 
 
 
 
 
 

   

Population Projections

Population projections are based on the fact that population can increase in only two ways:
natural increase (surplus of births over deaths) and net migration (surplus of in-migrants over out-
migrants). As shown in Table III-8 population is projected to increase in Russell County by 2020 and
continue to increase through 2030. Even though the exercise of predicting the rate of population growth
is challenging and somewhat inexact, the county needs projections to develop a base line to support
planning for future infrastructure, housing demand and future land use planning. The population
projections used in this study are the August 2011 projections of the Virginia Employment Commission.
The figures show that Russell County’s population will grow from 28,897 in 2010 to 32,439 in 2030, an
increase of 12.29 percent. The Virginia population projections are based on the Cohort component
method of projecting demographic change. Population changes are a result of three factors: births,
deaths, and migration. Each of these factors, or components, is examined separately and then combined
to produce population projections. The population projections are developed for the locality using base
data from the two most recent census periods. The projections are not intended to represent optimal
growth trends or goals for any county or city nor are they intended to constrain an area. They are meant
to provide insight on what could occur in the absence of any major change. The projections should
serve as common reference points in the planning and development process. For development purposes
each jurisdiction in Virginia is required to use the Virginia Employment Commission data. For planning

purposes the county may use its own data provided it can support the deviation,

u-7




III-8 
 

                                             
                                                                         Table III-8  

 
                                                                Population Change 

  

 
                                              Russell County, CPPDC and Virginia 

   

 
                                                                        2010 - 2030 

  

       Jurisdiction 2010 2020 2030 
  Russell County 28,897 31,242 32,439 
  CPPDC 113,976 115,309 118,041 
  

 
Virginia 8,001,024 8,917,396 9,825,019 

Source:  Virginia Employment Commission August 2011 
 

  

  

 

                                                  Table III-9 

                                          Population Change  
                                   Russell County & Virginia 
                                       By Count and Percent 

 
                        2000-2030 

  

      

  Russell % Change Virginia 
% 

Change 
 2000 29,258 2.06% 7,079,030 14.41% 
 2010 28,897 -1.23% 8,001,024 13.02% 
 2020 31,242 8.12% 8,917,396 11.45% 
 2030 32,439 3.83% 9,825,019 10.18% 
 

      Source: Virginia Employment Commission  August 2011   

      

      

                                                       Table # III-10 
          Population 
   Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 
      By Census Year 
           1970-2010 

Jurisdiction 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 

Russell County 24,533 31,761 28,667 29,258 28,897 

Town of Cleveland 357 360 214 148 202 

Town of Honaker 911 1,475 950 945 1,449 

Town of Lebanon 2,272 3,206 3,386 3,273 3,424 

CPPDC 112,497 140,067 123,580 118,279 113,976 

Virginia 4,648,494 5,346,818 6,187,358 7,078,515 8,001,024 
Source: U. S. Census Bureau 1970-2010 

                                                   

 

                                                           

Table III-B

Population Change
Russell County, CPPDC and Virginia

2010 - 2030
Jurisdiction 2010 2020 2030
Russell County 28,897 31,242 | 32,439
cPPDC 113,976 | 115,309 | 118,041
Virginia 8,001,024 | 8,917,396 | 9,825,019
Source: Virginia Employment Commission August 2011
Table 1-9
Population Change
Russell County & Virginia
By Count and Percent
2000-2030
%
| Russell | % Change i Change
2000 | 29,258 | 2.06% | 7,079,030 | 14.41%
2010 | 28,897 | -1.23% | 8,001,024 | 13.02% |
2020 | 31,242 | 8.12% | 8,917,396 | 11.45% |
2030 | 32,439 | 3.83% | 9,825,019 | 10.18% |
Source: Virginia Employment Commission August 2011
Table # I-10
Population
Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia
By Census Year
1970-2010
Jurisdiction 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Russell County 24,533 | 31,761 | 28,667 | 29,258 | 28,897
Town of Cleveland | 357 360 214 148 202
Town of Honaker 911 1,475 950 945 1,449
Town oflebanon | 2,272 | 3,206 | 3,386 | 3,273 | 3,424
cPPoc 112,497 | 140,067 | 123,580 | 118,279 | 113,976
Virginia 4,648,494 | 5,346,818 | 6,187,358 | 7,078,515 | 8,001,024

Source: U. 8. Census Bureau 1970-2010

uL-8





III-9 
 

Chart III – 1, 2, 3, 4 
Population 

Russell County 
           By Gender and Age 

         2000 - 2030 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Chart III-5, 6, 7, 8 
 

0 
200 
400 
600 
800 

1000 
1200 
1400 
1600 

U
n

d
er

 5
 Y

ea
rs

 

5
 t

o
 9

 y
ea

rs
 

1
0

 t
o

 1
4

 y
ea

rs
 

1
5

 t
o

 1
9

 y
ea

rs
 

2
0

 t
o

 2
4

 y
ea

rs
 

2
5

 t
o

 2
9

 y
ea

rs
 

3
0

 t
o

 3
4

 y
ea

rs
 

3
5

 t
o

 3
9

 y
ea

rs
 

4
0

 t
o

 4
4

 y
ea

rs
 

4
5

 t
o

 4
9

 y
ea

rs
 

5
0

 t
o

 5
4

 y
ea

rs
 

5
5

 t
o

 5
9

 y
ea

rs
 

6
0

 t
o

 6
4

 y
ea

rs
 

6
5

 t
o

 6
9

 y
ea

rs
 

7
0

 t
o

 7
4

 y
ea

rs
 

7
5

 t
o

 7
9

 y
ea

rs
 

8
0

 t
o

 8
4

 y
ea

rs
 

8
5

 a
n

d
 o

ve
r 

Chart III-1 
Population by Gender and Age - 2000 

Males  

Females 
0 

200 

400 

600 

800 

1000 

1200 

1400 

U
n

d
er

 5
 Y

ea
rs

 

5
 t

o
 9

 y
ea

rs
 

1
0

 t
o

 1
4

 y
ea

rs
 

1
5

 t
o

 1
9

 y
ea

rs
 

2
0

 t
o

 2
4

 y
ea

rs
 

2
5

 t
o

 2
9

 y
ea

rs
 

3
0

 t
o

 3
4

 y
ea

rs
 

3
5

 t
o

 3
9

 y
ea

rs
 

4
0

 t
o

 4
4

 y
ea

rs
 

4
5

 t
o

 4
9

 y
ea

rs
 

5
0

 t
o

 5
4

 y
ea

rs
 

5
5

 t
o

 5
9

 y
ea

rs
 

6
0

 t
o

 6
4

 y
ea

rs
 

6
5

 t
o

 6
9

 y
ea

rs
 

7
0

 t
o

 7
4

 y
ea

rs
 

7
5

 t
o

 7
9

 y
ea

rs
 

8
0

 t
o

 8
4

 y
ea

rs
 

8
5

 a
n

d
 o

ve
r 

Chart III -2 
Population by Gender and Age 2010 

Males  

Females 

0 
200 
400 
600 
800 

1000 
1200 
1400 

U
n

d
er

 5
 Y

ea
rs

 

5
 t

o
 9

 y
ea

rs
 

1
0

 t
o

 1
4

 y
ea

rs
 

1
5

 t
o

 1
9

 y
ea

rs
 

2
0

 t
o

 2
4

 y
ea

rs
 

2
5

 t
o

 2
9

 y
ea

rs
 

3
0

 t
o

 3
4

 y
ea

rs
 

3
5

 t
o

 3
9

 y
ea

rs
 

4
0

 t
o

 4
4

 y
ea

rs
 

4
5

 t
o

 4
9

 y
ea

rs
 

5
0

 t
o

 5
4

 y
ea

rs
 

5
5

 t
o

 5
9

 y
ea

rs
 

6
0

 t
o

 6
4

 y
ea

rs
 

6
5

 t
o

 6
9

 y
ea

rs
 

7
0

 t
o

 7
4

 y
ea

rs
 

7
5

 t
o

 7
9

 y
ea

rs
 

8
0

 t
o

 8
4

 y
ea

rs
 

8
5

 a
n

d
 o

ve
r 

Chart III -3 
Population by Gender and Age - 2020 

Males  

Females 0 
200 
400 
600 
800 

1000 
1200 
1400 

U
n

d
er

 5
 Y

ea
rs

 

5
 t

o
 9

 y
ea

rs
 

1
0

 t
o

 1
4

 y
ea

rs
 

1
5

 t
o

 1
9

 y
ea

rs
 

2
0

 t
o

 2
4

 y
ea

rs
 

2
5

 t
o

 2
9

 y
ea

rs
 

3
0

 t
o

 3
4

 y
ea

rs
 

3
5

 t
o

 3
9

 y
ea

rs
 

4
0

 t
o

 4
4

 y
ea

rs
 

4
5

 t
o

 4
9

 y
ea

rs
 

5
0

 t
o

 5
4

 y
ea

rs
 

5
5

 t
o

 5
9

 y
ea

rs
 

6
0

 t
o

 6
4

 y
ea

rs
 

6
5

 t
o

 6
9

 y
ea

rs
 

7
0

 t
o

 7
4

 y
ea

rs
 

7
5

 t
o

 7
9

 y
ea

rs
 

8
0

 t
o

 8
4

 y
ea

rs
 

8
5

 a
n

d
 o

ve
r 

Chart III-4 
Population by Gender and Age - 2030 

Males  

Females 

ie)

Under 5 Years

5to 9 years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 year
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 year:
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
55 to 59 year:
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 year
75079 years
80 to 84 years

85 and over

mFemales

Chart Ill -3
Population by Gender and Age - 2020

m Males

Under 5 Years

5 to 9years
10 to 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 years
75 to 79 years
80to 84 years

85 and over

0

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200

Under 5 Years

5 to 9 years
10 to 14 year:
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 year
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 years
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 years
75 to 79 years
80 to 84 years

85 and over

3

Under 5 Years

5109 years
1010 14 years
15 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 44 years
45 to 49 years
50 to 54 years
55 to 59 years
60 to 64 year:
65 to 69 years
70 to 74 years
75.to 79 years
80 to 84 years

85 and over

Chart IIa
Population by Gender and Age - 2030

mMales

Chart II-1
Population by Gender and Age - 2000

Chart

.
=

1,2,3,4
Population
Russell County
By Gender and Age
2000 - 2030
1400
1200
1000

.
2

Chart Ill -2
Population by Gender and Age 2010

m Males





III-10 
 

Population 
Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia 

By Census Year  
1970-2010 

 

 
 

 

 

 
 

 
 

 2
4

,5
3

3
  

 3
1

,7
6

1
  

 2
8

,6
6

7
  

2
9

,2
5

8
  

 2
8

,8
9

7
  

 -    

 10,000  

 20,000  

 30,000  

 40,000  

Russell County, 
Virginia  

Population 

Source : U. S. Census Bureau  1970-2010 

Chart III-5 
Russell County, Virginia 

1970 

1980 

1990 

2000 

2010 

4
,6

4
8

,4
9

4
 

5
,3

4
6

,8
1

8
 

6
,1

8
7

,3
5

8
 

7
,0

7
8

,5
1

5
 

8
,0

0
1

,0
2

4
 

0 

2,000,000 

4,000,000 

6,000,000 

8,000,000 

10,000,000 

Virginia Population 

Source:  U. S. Census Bureau 1970-2010 

Chart III-7 
Virginia 

1970 

1980 

1990 

2000 

2010 

 -    

 1,000  

 2,000  

 3,000  

 4,000  

Town of 
Cleveland 

Town of 
Honaker 

Town of 
Lebanon 

Source:  U. S. Census Bureau 1970-2010 

Chart III-8 
Towns of Cleveland, Honaker and Lebanon 

1970 

1980 

1990 

2000 

2010 

1
1

2
,4

9
7

 

1
4

0
,0

6
7

 

1
2

3
,5

8
0

 

1
1

8
,2

7
9

 

1
1

3
,9

7
6

 

0 

50,000 

100,000 

150,000 

CPPDC Population 

Source:  U. S. Census Bureau 1970-2010 

Chart III-6 
Cumberland Plateau PDC 

1970 

1980 

1990 

2000 

2010 

Population
Russell County, CPPDC, Virginia

By Census Year
1970-2010
Chart III-5 Chart 111-6
Russell County, Virginia Cumberland Plateau PDC
40,000 150,000
30,000
20,000 ™1970 100,000 1970
10,000 1980 1980
- = 1990 50,000 = 1990
Russell County, 2000 = 2000
Population 2010 CPPDC Population (= 2010
Source : U.S. Census Bureau 1970-2010 Source: U. S. Census Bureau 1970-2010
Chart 11-7 Chart III-B
Virginia ‘Towns of Cleveland, Honaker and Lebanon
10,000,000 + 4,000 4
8,000,000 + "1970 3,000 | 1970
6,000,000 + ‘n1980 2,000 1980
4,000,000 1,000 +
2,000,000 = 1990 . = 1990
° = 2000 Townof ——Townof Town of = 2000
Virginia Population — 2919 Cleveland Honaker_~— Lebanon 2010
Source: U. S, Census Bureau 1970-2010 Source: U. S. Census Bureau 1970-2010

M-10





IV-1 
 

CHAPTER IV 

HOUSING 

  

 Physically, socially and economically, housing is one of the most important sections of a 

comprehensive plan. The realization of a decent home and a suitable living environment for 

every family in Russell County is an attainable goal for public institutions and a laudable goal for 

private individuals and institutions. Maintaining an economically diverse residential housing 

stock is critical to the health of a community. How to provide market-rate housing for a specific 

buyer profile and how the existing housing market can adapt as a result is difficult to determine. 

 Market-rate housing is another way of saying, “build what they want to buy”. However, 

developers and builders are prone to overestimate their markets and overbuild - more often than 

not overbuilding product that is above the means of the potential buyers. The public sector has a 

role to play in managing the supply and demand for housing in that it can encourage 

development of certain types and in certain locations via an incentive funding or other growth 

management tools. The purpose is not to encourage or discourage competition. Rather, the 

purpose is to ensure that the resulting developments satisfy the full range of housing needs, and 

that the developments can be satisfactorily and sustainably served with essential public services 

and facilities. 

CHAPTER IV
HOUSING

Physically, socially and economically, housing is one of the most important sections of a
comprehensive plan, The realization of a decent home and a suitable living environment for

every family in Russell County is an attainable goal for public institutions and a laudable goal for

private individuals and institutions. Maintaining an economically diverse residential housing
stock is critical to the health of a community. How to provide market-rate housing for a specific
buyer profile and how the existing housing market can adapt as a result is difficult to determine.
Market-rate housing is another way of saying, “build what they want to buy”. However,
developers and builders are prone to overestimate their markets and overbuild - more often than
not overbuilding product that is above the means of the potential buyers. The public sector has a
role to play in managing the supply and demand for housing in that it can encourage
development of certain types and in certain locations via an incentive funding or other growth
management tools. The purpose is not to encourage or discourage competition. Rather, the

purpose is to ensure that the resulting developments satisfy the full range of housing needs, and

that the developments can be satisfactorily and sus

inably served with essential public services

and facilities.

Wa




IV-2 
 

 

 

A.  HOUSING COMPOSITION 

 Single family, detached housing units are the largest housing category in Russell County; 

although, the number of single family, detached units decreased from 8,570 to 8,537 between 

2000 and the 2007-2009 average. As shown in Table IV-1, thirty-one (31) percent of the housing 

in Russell County is mobile homes. The below average growth in income of the county residents 

has prompted a shift in demand away from single family homes, toward the less expensive 

alternative, a mobile home. The price difference between a mobile home  and a stick built house 

makes the former the only affordable choice for many residents. While mobile homes have 

helped to solve the short-term problem of housing; they also have a much shorter life-span than 

does a stick built home, so the need for a more permanent housing solution should not be 

forgotten. In Russell County multi-family units comprised less than 10 percent of the housing 

stock. 

Single family, detached housing units are the largest housing category in Russell County;
although, the number of single family, detached units decreased from 8,570 to 8,537 between
2000 and the 2007-2009 average. As shown in Table IV-1, thirty-one (31) percent of the housing
in Russell County is mobile homes. The below average growth in income of the county residents
has prompted a shift in demand away from single family homes, toward the less expensive
alternative, a mobile home. The price difference between a mobile home and a stick built house
makes the former the only affordable choice for many residents. While mobile homes have
helped to solve the short-term problem of housing; they also have a much shorter life-span than
does a stick built home, so the need for a more permanent housing solution should not be
forgotten. In Russell County multi-family units comprised less than 10 percent of the housing

stock.

Wr




IV-3 
 

 
Table  IV -1 

Housing Composition 
Russell  County 

By Type of Structure 
2000- (2007-2009) 

UNITS IN 
STRUCTURE 

2000 % of Total 2007-2009 % of Total 

Total housing units 13,191 100% 13,878 100% 

1-unit, detached 8,570 65% 8,537 61.50% 

1-unit, attached 86 0.70% 29 0.20% 

2 units 113 0.90% 156 1.10% 

3 or 4 units 140 1.10% 340 2.40% 

5 to 9 units 233 1.80% 294 2.10% 

10 to 19 units 65 0.50% 192 1.40% 

20 or more units 44 0.30% 25 0.20% 

Mobile home 3,940 29.90% 4,305 31.00% 

Boat, RV, van, etc. 0 0% 0 0.00% 

     Source: Census Bureau (2000 data) and 2007-2009 American Community Survey 

 

B.  EXISTING HOUSING CONDITIONS 

 The housing stock in Russell County increased by only 2.22 percent between 2000 and 

2010 to a total of 13,484 units, as shown in Table IV-2, the rate of increase in housing in the 

county was significantly less than in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District and the 

Commonwealth of Virginia. The number of vacant units in Russell County grew by 9.92 percent, 

while they declined by 17.8 percent in Cumberland Plateau and increased by 50.67 percent in the 

state. Two of the factors causing an increase in the number of vacant houses are people leaving 

the area to find jobs and a weak housing market making it difficult for those migrating from the 

area to sell their homes. 

Table IV-1
Housing Composition
Russell County
By Type of Structure
2000- (2007-2009)

stnerUne 2000 | %ofTotal | 2007-2009 | %of Total
Total housing units 13,191 100% 13,878 100%
1-unit, detached 8,570 65% 8,537 61.50%
‘-unit, attached 86 0.70% 29 0.20%
| 2units 113 0.90% 156 110% = |
| 3 0r4 units 140 1.10% 340 2.40% |
| 5 to 9 units 233 1.80% 294 2.10% |
| 10 to 19 units 65 0.50% 192 1.40% |
| 20 or more units 44 0.30% 25 0.20% |
| Mobile home 3,940 29.90% 4,305 31.00% |
| Boat, RV, van, etc. 0 0% 0) 0.00% |

Source: Census Bureau (2000 data) and 2007-2009 American Community Survey

B. EXISTING HOUSING CONDITIONS

The housing stock in Russell County increased by only 2.22 percent between 2000 and
2010 to a total of 13,484 units, as shown in Table IV-2, the rate of increase in housing in the
county was significantly less than in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District and the
Commonwealth of Virginia. The number of vacant units in Russell County grew by 9.92 percent,
while they declined by 17.8 percent in Cumberland Plateau and increased by 50.67 percent in the
state. Two of the factors causing an increase in the number of vacant houses are people leaving

the area to find jobs and a weak housing market making it difficult for those migrating from the

area to sell their homes.

V3




IV-4 
 

 

 
 

Table # IV-2 
Total Housing Units 

Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia 
By Occupancy Status 

2000-2010 

          

Status 
Russell County CPPDC Virginia 

2000 2010 
% 

Change 2000 2010 
% 

Change 2000 2010 
% 

Change 

Occupied 11,789 11,943 1.30% 43,114 48,558 12.63% 2,699,173 3,364,939 24.67% 

Vacant 1,402 1,541 9.92% 7,925 6,515 -17.80% 205,019 308,881 50.67% 

Total 13,191 13,484 2.22% 51,039 55,073 7.90% 2,904,192 3,673,820 26.50% 

            Source: U.S. Census Bureau  2000-2010 
 
            

 

C.  COMPARATIVE VALUES FOR OWNER OCCUPIED HOUSING 

 Table IV-3 lists values for owner occupied housing in Russell County, the Cumberland 

Plateau Planning District and the State of Virginia. The number of housing units valued at over 

$100,000 increased dramatically in Russell County over the 2000 to 2009 period. In 2000, there 

Table # IV-2
Total Housing Units
Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia

By Occupancy Status
2000-2010
Russell County cPPDC Virginia
Status % % %
2000 | 2010 | Change | 2000 | 2010 | Change | 2000 2010 __| Change

Occupied | 11,789 | 11,943 | 1.30% | 43,114 | 48,558 | 12.63% | 2,699,173 | 3,364,939 | 24.67%
vacant | 1,402 | 1,541 | 9.92% | 7,925 | 6,515 | -17.80% | 205,019 | 308,881 | 50.67%
Total | 13,191 | 13,484 | 2.22% | 51,039 | 55,073 | 7.90% | 2,904,192 | 3,673,820 | 26.50%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2000-2010

C. COMPARATIVE VALUES FOR OWNER OCCUPIED HOUSING

Table IV-3 lists values for owner occupied housing in Russell County, the Cumberland
Plateau Planning District and the State of Virginia. The number of housing units valued at over

$100,000 increased dramatically in Russell County over the 2000 to 2009 period. In 2000, there

Va




IV-5 
 

were only 71 houses valued at $200,000 or higher. By 2009, the number of housing units in that 

value range had increased to 505. There were also significant increases in the value ranges from 

$300,000 to $1,000,000 or more. Housing unit values by the U.S. Census Bureau are based on 

sample data and not a 100 percent survey. It should also be noted that the data for 2007-2009 

period is a three year average from the American Community Survey. 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

were only 71 houses valued at $200,000 or higher. By 2009, the number of housing units in that
value range had increased to 505. There were also significant increases in the value ranges from
$300,000 to $1,000,000 or more. Housing unit values by the U.S. Census Bureau are based on
sample data and not a 100 percent survey. It should also be noted that the data for 2007-2009

period is a three year average from the American Community Survey.

Vs




IV-6 
 

Table  IV-3 
Comparative Values for Owner Occupied Housing 

Russell County, CPPDC, and  Virginia 
By Value Range 

2000-2009 

Value 
2000 2007-2009 

Russell  CPPDC Virginia Russell CPPDC Virginia 

Less than $50,000 
1,733 8,717 91,881 2,950 11,561 115,470 

$50,000 to $99,999 

2,828 10,543 462,870 2,473 10,456 195,475 

$100,000 to $149,999 

840 2,525 373,288 1,567 5,152 233,514 

$150,000 to $199,999 

157 720 233,999 958 2,752 255,447 

$200,000 to $299,999 

71 408 209,613 505 2,229 389,725 

$300,000 to $499,999 

44 111 107,093 493 1,363 466,136 

$500,000 to $999,999 

4 37 28,041 174 610 325,250 

$1,000,000 or more 

0 28 4,013 16 121 49,948 

              

Median (dollars) 
69,800 61,900 125,400 83,200 74,750 247,100 

       Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) and 2007-2009 American Community Survey  

Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American Community Survey  
  

 

 

Table IV-3
Comparative Values for Owner Occupied Housing

Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia
By Value Range

2000-2009
2000 2007-2009
Value
Russell | CPPDC | Virginia | Russell | CPPDC | Virginia
1,733 | 8,717 | 91,881 | 2,950 | 11,561 | 115,470
Less than $50,000
2,828 | 10,543 | 462,870 | 2,473 | 10,456 | 195,475
$50,000 to $99,999
240 | 2,525 | 373,288 | 1,567 | 5,152 | 233,514
$100,000 to $149,999
157 | 720 | 233,999 | 958 | 2,752 | 255,447
$150,000 to $199,999
1 408 | 209,613 | sos | 2,229 | 389,725
$200,000 to $299,999
44 111 | 107,093 | 493 | 1,363 | 466,136
$300,000 to $499,999
4 37 | 28,041 | 174 | 610 | 325,250
$500,000 to $999,999
0 28 4,013 16 121 | 49,948
$1,000,000 or more
- 69,800 | 61,900 | 125,400 | 83,200 | 74,750 | 247,100
Median (dollars)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) and 2007-2009 American Community Survey

Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American Community Survey

V6





IV-7 
 

D.  HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR CONSTRUCTED 

  

 Table IV-4, provides a breakdown of housing in Russell County by the year constructed. 

Sixty percent of the housing in Russell County was constructed between 1970 and 1998. This 

corresponds to population growth between 1970 and 1980 and between 1990 and 2000. Over 

1,273 or 9.2 percent of the housing units were constructed in or prior to 1939. The percentage of 

housing units built on or before 1939 is commensurate with the surrounding coal counties. 

Table  IV-4 
Housing Units 
Russell County 

By Year Constructed 
2000-2009 

Year Built 
2000 

Year Built 
2007-2009 

Number % Number % 

1999 to March 
2000 225 1.70%  2005 or later 30 0.20% 

1995 to 1998 1,116 8.50% 2000 to 2004 674 4.90% 

1990 to 1994 1,024 7.80% 1990 to 1999 2,719 19.60% 

1980 to 1989 2,139 16.20% 1980 to 1989 2,643 19.00% 

1970 to 1979 3,423 25.90% 1970 to 1979 2,346 16.90% 

1960 to 1969 1,633 12.40% 1960 to 1969 1,892 13.60% 

1940 to 1959 1,973 15.00% 1950 to 1959 1,160 8.40% 

1939 or earlier 1,658 12.50% 1940 to 1949 1,141 8.20% 

    
 

1939 or earlier 1,273 9.20% 

Total 13,191 100.00% Total 13,878 100.00% 

      Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) and  2007-2009 American Community Survey 
 

 

 

 

 

D. HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR CONSTRUCTED

Table IV-4, provides a breakdown of housing in Russell County by the year constructed,

Sixty percent of the housing in Russell County was constructed between 1970 and 1998. This

corresponds to population growth between 1970 and 1980 and between 1990 and 2000. Over

1,273 or 9.2 percent of the housing units were constructed in or prior to 1939. The percentage of

housing units built on or before 1939 is commensurate with the surrounding coal counties.

Table IV-4
Housing Units
Russell County

By Year Constructed

2000-2009
Year Built 2000 Year Built 2007-2008
Number | % Number %

1999 to March
2000 225 1.70% | 2005 or later 30 0.20%
1995 to 1998 111s | 8.50% | 2000to 2004 674 4.90%
1990 to 1994 1,024 | 7.80% | 1990to 1999 2.719 19.60%
1980 to 1989 2,139 | 16.20% | 1980 to 1989 2,643 19.00%
1970 to 1979 3,423 | 25.90% | 1970to 1979 2,346 16.90%
1960 to 1969 1,633 | 12.40% | 1960 to 1969 1,892 13.60%
1940 to 1959 1,973 | 15.00% | 1950to 1959 1,160 8.40%
1939 or earlier 1,658 | 12.50% | 1940 to 1949 4141 8.20%

1939 orearlier | __1,273 9.20%
Total 13,191 | 100.00% Total 13,878 | 10.00%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) and 2007-2009 American Community Survey

V7




IV-8 
 

E.  COMPARATIVE HOUSING BY TENURE 

  

 The majority of housing units in Russell County are owner-occupied, with approximately 

86 percent of the 13,878 occupied units falling into that tenure category. The percentage of 

owner-occupied units is slightly higher than for the Cumberland Plateau Planning District as a 

whole. 

Table IV-5 
Comparative Housing by Tenure 

Russell County and CPPDC 
by Occupancy Status 

2000-2009 

Tenure 
2000 2007-2009 

Russell % CPPDC % Russell % CPPDC % 

Owner Occupied 9,557 81.10% 37,883 80.15% 11,941 86.00% 45,569 82.54% 

Renter Occupied 2,232 18.90% 9,379 19.85% 1,937 14.00% 9,640 17.46% 

Total 11,789 100.00% 47,262 100.00% 13,878 100.00% 55,209 100.00% 

         Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) , 2007-2009 American Community Survey 
  Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American Community Survey 

 
 
 

    

F.  COMPARATIVE MEDIAN GROSS RENT  

 As shown in the previous table, renter-occupied units declined from 2,232 to 1,937 

between 2000 and the 2007-2009 average, a decline of approximately 13 percent. Table IV-6, 

shows that median gross rent increased by similar rates in the county and the planning district; 

however, both are significantly lower than the median gross rent in Virginia. 

 

E. COMPARATIVE HOUSING BY TENURE

The majority of housing units in Russell County are owner-occupied, with approximately
86 percent of the 13,878 occupied units falling into that tenure category. The percentage of
owner-occupied units is slightly higher than for the Cumberland Plateau Planning District as a

whole.

Table IV-5,
Comparative Housing by Tenure
Russell County and CPPDC
by Occupancy Status
2000-2009

2000 2007-2009
Russell | % cppoc | _% Russell % |cppoc| %

Tenure

Owner Occupied | 9,557 | 81.10% | 37,883 | 80.15% | 11,941 | 86.00% | 45,569 | 82.54%
Renter Occupied | 2,232 | 18.90% | 9,379 | 19.85% | 1,937 | 14.00% | 9,640 | 17.46%
Total 11,789 | 100.00% | 47,262 | 100.00% | 13,878 | 100.00% | 55,209 | 100.00%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) , 2007-2009 American Community Survey
Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American Community Survey

F, COMPARATIVE MEDIAN GROSS RENT

As shown in the previous table, renter-occupied units declined from 2,232 to 1,937
between 2000 and the 2007-2009 average, a decline of approximately 13 percent. Table IV-6,
shows that median gross rent increased by similar rates in the county and the planning district;

however, both are significantly lower than the median gross rent in Virginia.

ve




IV-9 
 

 
 

Table # IV-6 
Comparative Median Gross Rent 

Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia 
By Specified Renter Occupied Housing Units 

 
2000 - (2007-2009) 

Renter 
Occupied 

Russell CPPDC Virginia 

2000 
2007-
2009 
ACS 

% 
Change 

2000 
2007-
2009 
ACS 

% 
Change 

2000 
2007-
2009 
ACS 

% 
Change 

Median Gross 
Rent 

$355 $453 27.60% $354 $464 23.71% $650 $954 46.77% 

          Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) , 2007-2009 American Community Survey 

Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American Community Survey 
    

 

G.  RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME  

 The status of housing in a community can also be viewed based on what portion of a 

person’s income is used to pay for housing. Higher housing costs limit resources for other 

necessities, such as food, utilities and medicine. This can be a major problem for retired people 

living on fixed incomes, and facing other economic hardships, such as high costs for medical 

care and prescription drugs. Similar problems can afflict young age groups who are stuck in low-

paying jobs. The struggle to meet basic needs can become overwhelming. 

 Table IV-7, provides an overview of income versus rental costs. In the 2007-2009 time 

period, 35.3 percent of the renter households spent more than 35 percent of their income for rent. 

Russell County’s percentage rate is still lower than the Cumberland Plateau Planning District and 

the State of Virginia. Households who spend 30 percent or more of total income on housing are 

Table # IV-6
Comparative Median Gross Rent
Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia
By Specified Renter Occupied Housing Units

2000 - (2007-2009)

Russell cpPDC Virginia
Renter 2007- |, 2007 |g, 2007- |g,
Occupied | 2000 | 2009 | 442°, | 2000 | 2009 | .,%,,| 2000 | 2009 | 6,2

ACS 8 Acs 8 ACS 8

Median @ross $355 | $453 | 27.60% | $354 | $464 | 23.71% | $650 | $954 | 46.77%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) , 2007-2009 American Community Survey
Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American Community Survey

G. RENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME

The status of housing in a community can also be viewed based on what portion of a
person’s income is used to pay for housing. Higher housing costs limit resources for other
necessities, such as food, utilities and medicine. This can be a major problem for retired people
living on fixed incomes, and facing other economic hardships, such as high costs for medical
care and prescription drugs. Similar problems can afflict young age groups who are stuck in low-
paying jobs. The struggle to meet basic needs can become overwhelming.

Table IV-7, provides an overview of income versus rental costs. In the 2007-2009 time
period, 35.3 percent of the renter households spent more than 35 percent of their income for rent.

Russell County's percentage rate is still lower than the Cumberland Plateau Planning District and

the State of Virginia. Households who spend 30 percent or more of total income on housing are

v9





IV-10 
 

considered cost-burdened by the Virginia Department of Housing Community Development and 

the Virginia Center for Housing Research. Typically, the people who have the most trouble 

paying rent are those on fixed income and low wage workers. 

 
Table  IV-7 
Rental Cost 

Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia 
Gross Rent As a Percentage of Household  Income (GRAPI) 

2007-2009 

% Household Income Russell 
% 

Computed CPPDC 
% 

Computed Virginia 
% 

Computed 

Occupied units paying rent 
(excluding units where 

GRAPI cannot be computed) 

2428 100.00% 8,857 100.00% 858,208 100.00% 

Less than 15.0 percent 608 25.00% 1,838 20.75% 105,607 12.30% 

15.0 to 19.9 percent 391 16.10% 1,047 11.82% 114,216 13.30% 

20.0 to 24.9 percent 114 4.70% 963 10.87% 125,257 14.60% 

25.0 to 29.9 percent 174 7.20% 989 11.17% 103,934 12.10% 

30.0 to 34.9 percent 283 11.70% 800 9.03% 81,335 9.50% 

35.0 percent or more 858 35.30% 3,220 36.36% 327,859 38.20% 

Not computed 377 x 2,468 x 70,048 x 

       Source: American Community Survey 2007-2009 

  Dickenson County is from American Community Survey 2005-2009 
 
 

   

H. SUBSTANDARD HOUSING  

 Based on a windshield survey by Maxim Engineering and the Cumberland Plateau 

Planning District Commission 86.73 percent of the structures in Russell County are structurally 

sound, 12.01 percent are deteriorating and 1.2 percent are dilapidated. Conditions were assigned 

using a ranking system that included an analysis of siding, shingles, windows and exterior paint. 

If two of these characteristics appeared to be in poor condition (cracked or broken windows, 

considered cost-burdened by the Virginia Department of Housing Community Development and

the Virginia Center for Housing Research. Typically, the people who have the most trouble

paying rent are those on fixed income and low wage workers.

Gross Rent As a Percentage of Household Income (GRAPI)

Table IV-7
Rental Cost
Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia

2007-2009
% % %
% Household income _| Russell | Computed | _cPPDC | Computed | Virginia | Computed
Occupied units paying rent | 2428 | 100.00% 8,857 100.00% | 858,208 | 100.00%
(excluding units where
GRAPI cannot be computed)

Less than 15.0 percent 608 | 25.00% 1838 | 20.75% | 105,607} 12.30%
15.0 to 19.9 percent 301 | 16.10% 1,047 11.82% | 114,216 | 13.30%
20.0 to 24.9 percent 114 4.20% 963 10.87% | 125,257 | 14.60%
25.0 to 29.9 percent 174 7.20% 989 11.17% | 103,934} 12.10%
30.0 to 34.9 percent 283 | 11.70% 800 9.03% | 81,335 | 9.50%
35.0 percent or more 58 | 35.30% | 3,220 | 36.36% | 327,859| 38.20%

Not computed 377 x 2,468 x 70,048 x

Source: American Commu!

H. SUBSTANDARD HOUSI.

ty Survey 2007-2009
Dickenson County is from American Community Survey 2005-2009

Based on a windshield survey by Maxim Engineering and the Cumberland Plateau

Planning District Commission 86.73 percent of the structures in Russell County are structurally

sound, 12.01 percent are deteriorating and 1.2 percent are dilapidated. Conditions were assigned

using a ranking system that included an analysis of siding, shingles, windows and exterior paint.

If two of these characteristics appeared to be in poor condition (cracked or broken windows,

Wv-10





IV-11 
 

missing shingles, etc.) the structure was considered to be substandard. A dilapidated structure 

usually had all of these characteristics in poor condition. Most of the dilapidated housing was 

deemed to be unsuitable for habitation.  Although when a structure which presented itself to be 

unsuitable for habitation was inhabited the structure was rated to be deteriorating. 

Table  IV-8 
Condition of Structures 

Russell County, Lebanon, Honaker, Cleveland 
By  

Outside Appearance 
 

2009-2010 

Condition 
Russell County Lebanon Honaker Cleveland 

Number % Number % Number % Number % 

Sound 23337 86.73% 3484 96.64% 869 84.70% 161 65.98% 

Deteriorating 3231 12.01% 111 3.08% 144 14.04% 79 32.38% 

Dilapidated 340 1.26% 10 0.28% 13 1.26% 4 1.64% 

Total 26908 100% 3605 100.00% 1026 100.00% 244 100.00% 

         Source: MAXIM Engineering and Cumberland Plateau PDC  2009-2010 
  

I.  FUTURE HOUSING  

 Housing should be designed to accommodate household needs, optimize the quality of 

life, use land resources efficiently, and create minimal adverse impact on the natural 

environment. Certain segments of the housing market, such as elderly or handicapped 

individuals, require specially designed units that provide certain amenities and physical features 

adapted to their needs. Communities can encourage sufficient upgrading of existing properties to 

prevent further loss of tax revenues, since the tax base has declined and poor economic 

conditions have led to property neglect. Housing and building codes should be carefully 

enforced, to preserve housing stock in as sound a state as possible. Policies aimed at providing 

affordable housing must use a combination of strategies, including new construction, subsidy 

programs, and preservation of the existing housing stock.  

missing shingles, etc.) the structure was considered to be substandard. A dilapidated structure
usually had all of these characteristics in poor condition, Most of the dilapidated housing was
deemed to be unsuitable for habitation. Although when a structure which presented itself to be
unsuitable for habitation was inhabited the structure was rated to be deteriorating.

Table IV-8

Condition of Structures
Russell County, Lebanon, Honaker, Cleveland

By
Outside Appearance
2009-2010
| ; Russell County Lebanon Honaker Cleveland
Condition
Number | % | Number | _% | Number | _% | Number | _%
Sound 23337 | 86.73%| 3484 | 96.64% | 69 | 84.70% | 161 | 65.98%
| Deteriorating | 3231 | 12.01%] 111 | 3.08% | 144 | 14.00% | 79 | 32.38%
Dilapidated 340 1.26% 10 0.28% 13 1.26% 4 1.64%
Total 26908 | 100% | 3605 | 100.00%| 1026 | 10.00% | 244 | 100.00%

Source: MAXIM Engineering and Cumberland Plateau PDC 2009-2010

I. FUTURE HOUSING

Housing should be designed to accommodate household needs, optimize the quality of
life, use land resources efficiently, and create minimal adverse impact on the natural
environment. Certain segments of the housing market, such as elderly or handicapped
individuals, require specially designed units that provide certain amenities and physical features
adapted to their needs. Communities can encourage sufficient upgrading of existing properties to
prevent further loss of tax revenues, since the tax base has declined and poor economic
conditions have led to property neglect. Housing and building codes should be carefully
enforced, to preserve housing stock in as sound a state as possible. Policies aimed at providing
affordable housing must use a combination of strategies, including new construction, subsidy

programs, and preservation of the existing housing stock.

Wet




V - 1

CHAPTER V

COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES

A.  Transportation Analysis

A community transportation system affects development patterns that impact land

development policies and the overall planning objectives of the community. The following is an

examination of the major elements of Russell County’s present transportation system.

Highway System

Russell County is bisected east to west by U.S. Route 19 and southwest to northwest by U.S.

Alternate Route 58. Route 19 is the most heavily traveled highway in the County, with an annual

average daily volume estimate of 14,000 vehicles on the Lebanon By-Pass. The most heavily

traveled section of Alt. Route 58 is between Castlewood and St. Paul with an annual average daily

volume estimate of 12,000 vehicles per day. Both U.S. Highways are completely four-laned in

Russell County.

Because of the existence of only two U.S. highways and no interstate highways, State

Primary Highways play a greater role in traffic flow in the County. State Route 80 from Rosedale

to Honaker is the most heavily traveled state primary highway with 8,700 vehicles per day.  The

four-laning of this section of Rt. 80 was recently included in the VDOT Six-Year Plan, but has been

removed, along with many other major construction projects, due to a lack of state funding. State

Primary Highways 63, 65, 67, 71 and 82 provide important two-lane access to counties west, north

and east of Russell County and several communities within the County.

Russell County has 615 miles of State Secondary Highways that serve many small rural

CHAPTER V

COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES

A. Transportation Analysis

A community transportation system affects development patterns that impact land
development policies and the overall planning objectives of the community. The following is an
examination of the major elements of Russell County’s present transportation system.

Highway System

Russell County is bisected east to west by U.S. Route 19 and southwest to northwest by U.S.
Altemate Route 58. Route 19 is the most heavily traveled highway in the County, with an annual
average daily volume estimate of 14,000 vehicles on the Lebanon By-Pass. The most heavily
traveled section of Alt, Route 58 is between Castlewood and St, Paul with an annual average daily
volume estimate of 12,000 vehicles per day. Both U.S. Highways are completely four-laned in
Russell County.

Because of the existence of only two U.S. highways and no interstate highways, State
Primary Highways play a greater role in traffic flow in the County. State Route 80 from Rosedale
to Honaker is the most heavily traveled state primary highway with 8,700 vehicles per day. The
four-laning of this section of Rt. 80 was recently included in the VDOT Six-Year Plan, but has been
removed, along with many other major construction projects, due to a lack of state funding. State
Primary Highways 63, 65, 67, 71 and 82 provide important two-lane access to counties west, north
and east of Russell County and several communities within the County,

Russell County has 615 miles of State Secondary Highways that serve many small rural

v-l




V - 2

communities throughout the County. The Russell County Coal-Haul Road Program provides much

needed funding to improve any road in the County. Major secondary roads with traffic volumes of

approximately 1,000 vehicle types per day or more include State Routes 608, 614, 615, 616, 622,

624, 634, 637, 640, 645, 654, 657, 660, 664, 683, 694 and 695.

Russell County has only two (2) projects on the VDOT Six-Year Improvement Plan (2009-

2014) and both are in the Town of Lebanon. The first is a 3-lane widening of Rt. 19 Business (Main

Street) from Pittston Road west for .41 miles. The second is an Access Road Project in Gardenside

Village.

Mass Transit System

Russell County has public transportation that is provided by Four County Transit, a service

of the Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens. The Russell County routes include the Lebanon

Transit Service within the Town of Lebanon, the Highway 19 Work Express, Highway 71 Work

Express, and the Community College Transportation service. All operate Monday through Friday.

Schedules are available at www.fourcountytransit.org.

The Town of Lebanon service includes 19 stops within the Lebanon corporate limits at a cost

of 25 cents per boarding. A transfer to/from all other Russell County Communities is also provided.

Service is offered from 8:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m.

The Highway 19 Work Express provides morning week day services from Lebanon to

Abingdon and back to Lebanon, then to Southwest Virginia Community College where riders can

transfer to other buses. The afternoon service begins at the college and reverses the morning route.

The cost is 50 cents per boarding.

The Highway 71 Work Express provides morning week day services from St. Paul to

communities throughout the County. The Russell County Coal-Haul Road Program provides much
needed funding to improve any road in the County. Major secondary roads with traffic volumes of
approximately 1,000 vehicle types per day or more include State Routes 608, 614, 615, 616, 622,
624, 634, 637, 640, 645, 654, 657, 660, 664, 683, 694 and 695.

Russell County has only two (2) projects on the VDOT Six-Year Improvement Plan (2009-
2014) and both are in the Town of Lebanon, The first is a 3-lane widening of Rt. 19 Business (Main
Street) from Pittston Road west for .41 miles. The second is an Access Road Project in Gardenside
Village.

Mass Transit System

Russell County has public transportation that is provided by Four County Transit, a service
of the Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens. The Russell County routes include the Lebanon
Transit Service within the Town of Lebanon, the Highway 19 Work Express, Highway 71 Work
Express, and the Community College Transportation service. All operate Monday through Friday.
Schedules are available at www. fourcountytransit,org.

The Town of Lebanon service includes 19 stops within the Lebanon corporate limits at a cost
of 25 cents per boarding. A transfer to/from all other Russell County Communities is also provided.
Service is offered from 8:00 a.m. until 3:00 p.m.

The Highway 19 Work Express provides moming week day services from Lebanon to
Abingdon and back to Lebanon, then to Southwest Virginia Community College where riders can
transfer to other buses. The afternoon service begins at the college and reverses the morning route
The cost is 50 cents per boarding.

‘The Highway 71 Work Express provides morning week day services from St. Paul to

v-2




V - 3

Lebanon and onto  Wardell at a cost of 50 cents per boarding. The route is reversed in the afternoon.

The Southwest Virginia Community College transportation system, Eagle Express, provides

routes from Dickenson County through Honaker and from Dante through Lebanon to the college.

These are long-standing routes primarily for college students to allow them to more easily pursue

their post-secondary education. The cost of this service is free to college students and professors,

seniors over 60 years of age, and children 5 years of age and under who are accompanied by an adult.

The fare for all other riders is $1.00 per boarding. This is a valuable service that provides the public

the ability to transfer to other routes to enable access to doctor appointments and shopping centers.

Airports

Russell County has no municipal airports, depending largely on the Virginia Highlands

Airport in Abingdon and the Tazewell County Airport at Claypool Hill for small plane traffic. Other

general aviation airports that might serve Russell County include the Lonesome Pine Airport in Wise

and the Grundy Airport at Lover’s Gap. Plans to extend the runway at the Grundy Airport to 5,000

feet are currently underway. The Bluefield/Mercer County Airport is another general aviation airport

which is just over an hour from Lebanon.

Tri-Cities Regional Airport, TN/VA provides commercial air transportation services and is

located about an hour from Lebanon. The Tri-Cities Regional Airport offers non-stop service to

seven hubs (Atlanta, Charlotte, Cincinnati, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Orlando, and Tampa) on three

airlines.

Lebanon and onto Wardell at a cost of 50 cents per boarding. The route is reversed in the afternoon.

The Southwest Virginia Community College transportation system, Eagle Express, provides
routes from Dickenson County through Honaker and from Dante through Lebanon to the college.
‘These are long-standing routes primarily for college students to allow them to more easily pursue
their post-secondary education. The cost of this service is free to college students and professors,
seniors over 60 years of. age, and children 5 years of age and under who are accompanied by an adult.
The fare for all other riders is $1.00 per boarding. This is a valuable service that provides the public
the ability to transfer to other routes to enable access to doctor appointments and shopping centers.
Airports

Russell County has no municipal airports, depending largely on the Virginia Highlands
Airport in Abingdon and the Tazewell County Airport at Claypool Hill for small plane traffic. Other
general aviation airports that might serve Russell County include the Lonesome Pine Airport in Wise
and the Grundy Airport at Lover’s Gap. Plans to extend the runway at the Grundy Airport to 5,000
feet are currently underway. The Bluefield/Mercer County Airport is another general aviation airport
which is just over an hour from Lebanon.

Tri-Cities Regional Airport, TN/VA provides commercial air transportation services and is
located about an hour from Lebanon. The Tri-Cities Regional Airport offers non-stop service to
seven hubs (Atlanta, Charlotte, Cincinnati, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, Orlando, and Tampa) on three

airlines.

v-3




V - 4

Railroads

Russell County is served by two major railroads-Norfolk Southern and CSX. These two

railroads provide connections to rail lines that provide freight rail service to the entire United States.

Piggyback services are available in Bluefield, West Virginia (Norfolk Southern) and Kingsport,

Tennessee (CSX).  

ilroads
Russell County is served by two major railroads-Norfolk Southern and CSX. These two
railroads provide connections to rail lines that provide freight rail service to the entire United States.
Piggyback services are available in Bluefield, West Virginia (Norfolk Southern) and Kingsport,

Tennessee (CSX).

v-4




Russell County, Virginia
Hiking and Bike Trails

Legend
—— Bea Tal

= Coal Hentage Trail
Heart of Appalachia Bike Route
US Bicycle Route

Cumberland Plateau AAAISCI AA —— Proposed Dante Mitt Purpose Ta

1in= 4 mies Planning District Commission ENGINEERING, INC.
‘Coeburn, Virginia





V - 6

B.  Solid Waste Analysis

Russell County is required to have a Solid Waste Management Plan pursuant to Ch. 14, Title

10.1 the Code of Virginia. The county may have a plan of its own or be a participant in a regional

plan. The county, since 1991, has been a participant in the Cumberland Plateau Regional Waste

Management Authority.  The Authority has prepared Solid Waste Plans for its member jurisdictions

that meet the requirements of the Virginia Waste Management Board.  The most recent plan was

adopted in 2004 and is effective until 2024.

 The plan is an Integrated Waste Management Plan which means that it addresses all the

elements of Waste Management; collection, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal, litter, and

recycling.  By reference that plan is hereby made a part of this Comprehensive Development Plan for

that part of the plan which includes Russell County.

Collection and Disposal

The county collection system is based on a “green box” system.  There are 14 sites located at

strategic points for individuals to drop their solid waste in containers.  The county contracts with a

private company to service the containers and to haul them to the Authority owned transfer station

for processing.  The Authority has a five year contract with an option to renew for an additional five

years to take the waste to a privately owned and operated landfill in Hawkins County, Tennessee.  A

private contractor operates the transfer station.  Commercial collection is by choice of the business

or industry to haul their own solid waste to the “green boxes” or to contract with a private hauler to

take it to the transfer station. 

Town Collection and Disposal

The three towns in Russell County each operate their own collection system. The waste

B. Solid Waste Analysis

Russell County is required to have a Solid Waste Management Plan pursuant to Ch. 14, Title
10.1 the Code of Virginia. The county may have a plan of its own or be a participant in a regional
plan. The county, since 1991, has been a participant in the Cumberland Plateau Regional Waste
Management Authority. The Authority has prepared Solid Waste Plans for its member jurisdictions
that meet the requirements of the Virginia Waste Management Board. ‘The most recent plan was
adopted in 2004 and is effective until 2024.

The plan is an Integrated Waste Management Plan which means that it addresses all the
elements of Waste Management; collection, transportation, treatment, storage, disposal, litter, and
recycling. By reference that plan is hereby made a part of this Comprehensive Development Plan for
that part of the plan which includes Russell County.

Collection and Disposal

The county collection system is based on a “green box” system. There are 14 sites located at
strategic points for individuals to drop their solid waste in containers. The county contracts with a
private company to service the containers and to haul them to the Authority owned transfer station
for processing. The Authority has a five year contract with an option to renew for an additional five
years to take the waste to a privately owned and operated landfill in Hawkins County, Tennessee. A
private contractor operates the transfer station, Commercial collection is by choice of the business
or industry to haul their own solid waste to the “green boxes” or to contract with a private hauler to
take it to the transfer station.
‘Town Collection and Disposal

The three towns in Russell County each operate their own collection system. The waste

V-6




V - 7

collected is hauled to the transfer station for processing and then transportation to Hawkins County

for disposal in a state approved landfill.

The county is in the process of converting and/or combining some of the drop-off sites to

“manned” convenience stations. Existing and recommended sites are found on Map # 4, page V-8 .

Incineration

Incineration of solid waste is an alternative to disposal that is available to all jurisdictions in

Virginia.  Some claim that this is a very cost effective method since it very efficiently reduces mass

and volume.  The big drawbacks to this type of disposal are cleaning the pollutants from the gases

generated during incineration, and disposing of the residue that is left after incineration.  The waste

generated from cleaning the pollutants from the smoke stacks and the residue from incineration

usually are concentrated forms of minerals and metals that qualify as hazardous substances that

require special treatment during handling and they can only be disposed of at a landfill that is certified

to accept hazardous waste. 

There are special instances where you can produce a product from incineration like steam,

electricity, or chilled water which can generate enough income to offset the cost associated with the

incineration process.  The key to this type of solid waste disposal contract is to be certain that the

buyer of the product of incineration is a long term customer.

Recycling

The Russell County Recycling program is operated by the private company that picks up the

waste at the drop-off sites in the county.  Only 7-8 of the drop-off sites have containers for recyclable

materials.  Containers are provided for plastics, newspapers, cardboard, and aluminum.  The materials

collected are transported to a private recycler at a negotiated fee.  Used oil and scrap metal are stored

collected is hauled to the transfer station for processing and then transportation to Hawkins County
for disposal in a state approved landfill.

The county is in the process of converting and/or combining some of the drop-off sites to
“manned” convenience stations. Existing and recommended sites are found on Map # 4, page V-8.
Incineration

Incineration of solid waste is an alternative to disposal that is available to all jurisdictions in
Virginia. Some claim that this is a very cost effective method since it very efficiently reduces mass
and volume. The big drawbacks to this type of disposal are cleaning the pollutants from the gases
generated during incineration, and disposing of the residue that is left after incineration. The waste
generated from cleaning the pollutants from the smoke stacks and the residue from incineration
usually are concentrated forms of minerals and metals that qualify as hazardous substances that
require special treatment during handling and they can only be disposed of ata landfill that is certified
to accept hazardous waste.

There are special instances where you can produce a product from incineration like steam,
electricity, or chilled water which can generate enough income to offset the cost associated with the
incineration process. The key to this type of solid waste disposal contract is to be certain that the
buyer of the product of incineration is a long term customer.

Recycling

The Russell County Recycling program is operated by the private company that picks up the
waste at the drop-off sites in the county. Only 7-8 of the drop-off sites have containers for recyclable
materials. Containers are provided for plastics, newspapers, cardboard, and aluminum, The materials

collected are transported to a private recycler at a negotiated fee. Used oil and scrap metal are stored

v-7








V - 9

at the transfer station where they are collected by private companies.  Scrap metal is marketed  and

sold by the county.  In the past, recycled material has been contaminated because the drop-off sites

were not manned.  This is expected to change as the county transitions to fewer but manned

convenience centers. 

The positive about recycling materials is that you reduce the volume and tonnage which must

be landfilled, thus reducing the disposal cost.  The negative side of recycling is that it is market

driven. The market demand goes up and down daily but the supply is constant.  Thus the county must

pay someone to take the recycled material and it may still end up in a landfill.  

 C.  Education

The Russell County School System serves approximately 4,095 students in Pre-Kindergarten

through the senior year of high school. There are four  (4) primary schools, six (6) elementary schools,

one (1)  middle school, three (3)  high schools, an Alternative School, and a Career and Technology

Center within the 475 square miles of predominately mountainous land which defines the County.

Highlighting the regular curricular areas which include the Standards of Learning in each core

subject area are several programs which students can enter to prepare for post secondary education,

technical training, or 2-year or 4-year college preparation: Title I Services, Special Services,

business/technology classes, Pre-Engineering classes, Gateway to Technology, the Jobs for Virginia

Graduates, and various career and technical classes at the Russell County Career and Technology

Center-Building Trades, Veterinarian Technician, Welding, LPN, Cosmetology, Collision Repair,

Building Maintenance, Auto Repair, Certified Nursing Assistant, Criminal Justice, Culinary Arts, and

Masonry.

at the transfer station where they are collected by private companies. Scrap metal is marketed and
sold by the county. In the past, recycled material has been contaminated because the drop-off sites
were not manned, This is expected to change as the county transitions to fewer but manned
convenience centers.

The positive about recycling materials is that you reduce the volume and tonnage which must
be landfilled, thus reducing the disposal cost. The negative side of recycling is that it is market
driven. The market demand goes up and down daily but the supply is constant. Thus the county must
pay someone to take the recycled material and it may still end up in a landfill.

C. Education

The Russell County School System serves approximately 4,095 students in Pre-Kindergarten
through the senior year of high school. There are four (4) primary schools, six (6) elementary schools,
one (1) middle school, three (3) high schools, an Alternative School, and a Career and Technology
Center within the 475 square miles of predominately mountainous land which defines the County.

Highlighting the regular curricularareas which include the Standards of Learning in each core
subject area are several programs which students can enter to prepare for post secondary education,
technical training, or 2-year or 4-year college preparation: Title I Services, Special Services,
business/technology classes, Pre-Engineering classes, Gateway to Technology, the Jobs for Virginia
Graduates, and various career and technical classes at the Russell County Career and Technology
Center-Building Trades, Veterinarian Technician, Welding, LPN, Cosmetology, Collision Repair,
Building Maintenance, Auto Repair, Certified Nursing Assistant, Criminal Justice, Culinary Arts, and

Masonry.

v-9




V - 10

The Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension service also provides educational and training programs

for the County.
Table V - 1

RUSSELL COUNTY SCHOOLS
RUSSELL COUNTY VIRGINIA

BY TYPE, SIZE AND YEAR BUILT
2009

SCHOOL ACRES SQ. FT. BUILT ADDITIONS GRADE

LEVELS

# OF 
STUDENTS

CAPACITY/
BUILDING

Belfast 4 13,364 1939 59, '88 Pre-K-2 95 150

Elk Garden 4 12,840 1916 1955 Grades 3-5 94 150

Givens 8 17,720 1952 Pre-K-2 75 150

Swords Creek 7 21,100 1950 1966 Grades 3-7 129 200

Honaker
Elementary

25 88,725 1964 82, 2001 Pre-K-7 681 900

Honaker High 15 77,800 1952  71, '87 Grades 8-12 513 600

Castlewood
High

20 76,000 1949 1959 Grades 8-12 364 600

Castlewood
Elementary

20 80,000 1959 63, '94 Grades 1-7 452 500

Cooper Creek 4 21,572 1953 58, '62 Pre-K-K 121 175

Lebanon
Primary

30 52,400 2004 Pre-K-2 455 500

Lebanon
Elementary

6 52,000 1955 1962 Grades 3-5 299 450

Lebanon Middle 8 62,000 1940 1982 Grades 6-8 378 450

Lebanon High 35 133,050 1985 Grades 9-12 553 900

Cleveland
Elementary

20 58,250 1961 Grades K-7 129 400

Russell County
Career and
Technology
Center

6 100,300 1972 1977 Grades 9-12 310 576

Source: Russell County Superintendent of Schools July 2009

The Virginia Tech Cooperative Extension service also provides educational and training programs

for the County.
Table V-1
RUSSELL COUNTY SCHOOLS
RUSSELL COUNTY VIRGINIA
BY TYPE, SIZE AND YEAR BUILT
2009
SCHOOL ACRES | SQ.FT. | BUILT | ADDITIONS GRADE #OF
Levers | STUDENTS
Belfast 4| 13,364] 1939} 59,'88 | Pre-K-2 95 150
Elk Garden 4] 12,840] 1916 1955 | Grades 3-5 94 150
Givens 8 17,720 1952 Pre-K-2 75 150
Swords Creek 7 | 21,100} 1950 1966 | Grades 3-7 129 200
Honaker 25 | 98,725] 1964] 82, 2001 Pre-K-7 681 900
Elementary
Honaker High 15 77,800 1952 71, '87 | Grades 8-12 513 600
Castlewood 20} 76,000} 1949 1959 | Grades 8-12 364 600
High
Castlewood 20} 80,000} 1959 63,94] Grades 1-7 452 500
Elementary
Cooper Creek 4 21,572 1953 58, '62 Pre-K-K 121 175
Lebanon 30} 52,400] 2004 Pre-K-2 455 500
Primary
Lebanon 6| 52,000] 1955 1962 | Grades 3-5 299 430
Elementary
Lebanon Middle 8 62,000 1940 1982 Grades 6-8 378 450
Lebanon High 35 | 133,050 | 1985 Grades 9-12 553 900
Cleveland 20) 58,250] 1961 Grades K-7 129 400
Elementary
Russell County 6 | 100,300 1972 1977 | Grades 9-12 310 576
‘Career and
Technology
Center

Source: Russell County Superintendent of Schools July 2009

v-10




V - 11

Other Education Information

Two (2) Community Colleges serve Russell County; Southwest Community College near

Cedar Bluff and Virginia Highlands Community College in Abingdon.  Each of them offer

Certification as well as Two-Year programs in Technical/Occupational fields.  They also have

Memorandums of Understanding with State and Private Four-Year Colleges that will allow programs

to transfer without penalty.  

There are many opportunities for post secondary education within a reasonable driving

distance (2 hours) of Russell County, the list includes:

University of Virginia College at Wise Wise, Virginia
Emory & Henry College Emory, Virginia
Virginia Tech Blacksburg, Virginia
Radford University Radford, Virginia
East Tennessee State University Johnson City, Tennessee
King College Bristol, Tennessee
Virginia Intermont College Bristol, Virginia
Lincoln Memorial University Harrogate, Tennessee
Pikeville College Pikeville, Kentucky
Bluefield State College Bluefield, West Virginia
Bluefield College Bluefield, Virginia
Milligan College Elizabethton, Tennessee
Appalachian State University Boone, North Carolina
University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Tusculum College Tusculum, Tennessee
Carson-Newman College Jefferson City, Tennessee
Roanoke College Salem, Virginia

Southwest Regional Adult Education

In Russell County there are a significant number of people in the workforce without a high

school diploma.  When agriculture was the primary means of employment this was not seen as a

major community problem.  In recent years as it has become necessary to diversify the economic base

in the County this has become a major problem.  Potential employers are demanding a 

Other Education Information

Two (2) Community Colleges serve Russell County; Southwest Community College near
Cedar Bluff and Virginia Highlands Community College in Abingdon, Each of them offer
Certification as well as Two-Year programs in Technical/Occupational fields. They also have
Memorandums of Understanding with State and Private Four-Year Colleges that will allow programs
to transfer without penalty.

There are many opportunities for post secondary education within a reasonable driving

distance (2 hours) of Russell County, the list includes:

University of Virginia College at Wise Wise, Virginia

Emory & Henry College Emory, Virginia
Virginia Tech Blacksburg, Virginia
Radford University Radford, Virginia

East Tennessee State University Johnson City, Tennessee
King College Bristol, Tennessee
Virginia Intermont College Bristol, Virginia

Lincoln Memorial University Harrogate, Tennessee
Pikeville College Pikeville, Kentucky
Bluefield State College Bluefield, West Virginia
Bluefield College Bluefield, Virginia
Milligan College Elizabethton, Tennessee
Appalachian State University Boone, North Carolina
University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Tusculum College Tusculum, Tennessee
Carson-Newman College Jefferson City, Tennessee
Roanoke College Salem, Virginia

Southwest Regional Adult Education

In Russell County there are a significant number of people in the workforce without a high
school diploma. When agriculture was the primary means of employment this was not seen as a
major community problem. In recent years as it has become necessary to diversify the economic base

in the County this has become a major problem. Potential employers are demanding a

V-1l




2 SE
eiredecd oar

Be wae

Cumberland Plateau AALAI>€I_AAl
Planning District Commission EN GINEERING: ING.





V - 13

trained and trainable workforce.  

The County has joined with neighboring counties in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District

to form the Southwest Regional Adult Education Program to provide the training necessary for people

to attain the General Education Diploma (GED).  This diploma is recognized  as being equivalent to

the High School Diploma and will enable people to further their education in college or vocational

programs.

A recent addition to the GED objective is a six-month paid program to prepare graduates to

enter a college program or to acquire the skills necessary for entry level employment in the IT sector.

Southwest Virginia Technology Development Center

Located in the Government Center in the Town of Lebanon is a 32,000 sq. ft. Technology

Training Center.  The Center is operated by the University of Virginia’s College at Wise.  The facility

includes distance learning classrooms and computer labs as instructional spaces.  The spaces are

furnished and equipped consistent with college level classrooms. They are provided with all the

technology needed to customize training solutions which match the employers requirements for a

training course.  Post Graduate Programs from state and private institutions are offered at this facility

as well as in the Southwest Virginia Higher Education Center in Abingdon.

 D.  Social Services

Russell County provides social services through the following agencies: Russell County

Department of Social Services, Russell County Health Department, Occupational Enterprises, Inc.

and Russell County Office on Youth (CSA).

Several other agencies and organizations serve the communities of Russell County including:

trained and trainable workforce.
The County has joined with neighboring counties in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District
to form the Southwest Regional Adult Education Program to provide the training necessary for people
to attain the General Education Diploma (GED). This diploma is recognized as being equivalent to
the High School Diploma and will enable people to further their education in college or vocational
programs.
A recent addition to the GED objective is a six-month paid program to prepare graduates to

enter a college program or to acquire the skills necessary for entry level employment in the IT sector.

Southwest Virginia Technology Development Center

Located in the Government Center in the Town of Lebanon is a 32,000 sq. ft. Technology
Training Center. The Center is operated by the University of Virginia’s College at Wise. The facility
includes distance learning classrooms and computer labs as instructional spaces. The spaces are
furnished and equipped consistent with college level classrooms. They are provided with all the
technology needed to customize training solutions which match the employers requirements for a
training course. Post Graduate Programs from state and private institutions are offered at this facility
as well as in the Southwest Virginia Higher Education Center in Abingdon.

D. Social Services

Russell County provides social services through the following agencies: Russell County
Department of Social Services, Russell County Health Department, Occupational Enterprises, Inc.
and Russell County Office on Youth (CSA).

Several other agencies and organizations serve the communities of Russell County including:

v-13




V - 14

People Incorporated, Clinch Valley Community Action, Russell County Salvation Army, Mountain

Empire Chapter of the American Red Cross, Rental Assistance (HUD), Virginia Cooperative

Extension Services and the United Way of Southwest Virginia.

These agencies provide programs to assist in improving the quality of life for low-income

individuals and families in Russell County.  For instance, Occupational Enterprises provides

employment services and job readiness training.  The Mountain Empire Chapter of the American Red

Cross provides disaster relief from house fires, flooding and other natural disasters.  People

Incorporated offers a variety of programs geared toward helping families become self sufficient,

improve their health, build job skills, increase savings, find safe and affordable housing or develop

a small business.  The Russell County Chapter of the Salvation Army assists the needy men, women

and children of Russell County by providing food, shelter, clothing and other emergency assistance.

E.  Appalachian Detention Center

Located near the town of Honaker is a very special unit of the Department of Corrections

known as the Appalachian Detention Center.  The mission statement for this facility is as follows:

“It shall be the mission of the Appalachian Detention Center to provide short term confinement of

probationers as sentenced by the court in a controlled, safe, highly disciplined and work oriented

environment with program emphasis on drug and alcohol independence, self discipline, and

community reentry skills.” 

The program is all about preparing male violators to re-enter a complicated and competitive

society.  This is accomplished with an intense program of treatment, education, structure, discipline,

and community service.  

The community service aspect of the preparation is that part of the program that is most visible

People Incorporated, Clinch Valley Community Action, Russell County Salvation Army, Mountain
Empire Chapter of the American Red Cross, Rental Assistance (HUD), Virginia Cooperative
Extension Services and the United Way of Southwest Virginia.

These agencies provide programs to assist in improving the quality of life for low-income
individuals and families in Russell County. For instance, Occupational Enterprises provides
employment services and job readiness training, The Mountain Empire Chapter of the American Red
Cross provides disaster relief from house fires, flooding and other natural disasters. People
Incorporated offers a variety of programs geared toward helping families become self sufficient,
improve their health, build job skills, increase savings, find safe and affordable housing or develop
asmall business. The Russell County Chapter of the Salvation Army assists the needy men, women
and children of Russell County by providing food, shelter, clothing and other emergency assistance.
E. Appalachian Detention Center

Located near the town of Honaker is a very special unit of the Department of Corrections
known as the Appalachian Detention Center. The mission statement for this facility is as follows:
“It shall be the mission of the Appalachian Detention Center to provide short term confinement of
probationers as sentenced by the court in a controlled, safe, highly disciplined and work oriented
environment with program emphasis on drug and alcohol independence, self discipline, and
community reentry skills.”

The program is all about preparing male violators to re-enter a complicated and competitive
society. This is accomplished with an intense program of treatment, education, structure, discipline,
and community service.

‘The community service aspect of the preparation is that part of the program that is most visible

v-14




V - 15

to the citizens of Russell County and the surrounding counties and towns.  They are involved in

painting, recycling, setting up tents for festivals and fairs, little league field preparation, and Habitat

for Humanity.  

The program also includes GED preparation and testing for those that need and want it,

college classes for those that qualify and want it, and vocational classes for those who qualify and

want it.  The inmates also maintain their own facility and grounds including gardens, greenhouses,

and cattle.  

F.  Recreation and Tourism

Russell County does not have a countywide recreation program  Programs that are available

are provided by citizen groups, non-profits and the school system.  Each town in the county has

organized little league programs and the AAU offers some organized programs for youth in the

county.  

Tourism is provided by the chamber of commerce thru local and regional organizations.  

The county has one country club located near the Carbo community in the northwest section of the

county.  It has a 9-hole golf course, swimming pool,  and a 35 acre lake.  The state Commission of

Outdoor Recreation has a tract of land adjacent to the Clinch River called the Pinnacle Natural Area

Preserve.  The Pinnacles offers an opportunity for birding and wildlife enthusiasts, hiking, self guided

trails, and restrooms.  Within the preserve are rare and endangered species both animal and plant,

some of which have not been found anyplace else on earth.  There are three major tracts of public land

located along the southern border of Russell county.  These lands extend from HWY. 19 east to the

Smyth county line.  Some of this land is in Russell county but is accessible only from Washington

county.  These are owned by the Commission of Outdoor Recreation and managed by the Division

to the citizens of Russell County and the surrounding counties and towns. ‘They are involved in
painting, recycling, setting up tents for festivals and fairs, little league field preparation, and Habitat
for Humanity.

The program also includes GED preparation and testing for those that need and want it,
college classes for those that qualify and want it, and vocational classes for those who qualify and
want it, The inmates also maintain their own facility and grounds including gardens, greenhouses,
and cattle.

F. Recreation and Tourism

Russell County does not have a countywide recreation program Programs that are available
are provided by citizen groups, non-profits and the school system. Each town in the county has
organized little league programs and the AAU offers some organized programs for youth in the
county.

Tourism is provided by the chamber of commerce thru local and regional organizations.
The county has one country club located near the Carbo community in the northwest section of the
county. It has a 9-hole golf course, swimming pool, and a 35 acre lake. The state Commission of
Outdoor Recreation has a tract of land adjacent to the Clinch River called the Pinnacle Natural Area
Preserve. The Pinnacles offers an opportunity for birding and wildlife enthusiasts, hiking, self guided
trails, and restrooms, Within the preserve are rare and endangered species both animal and plant,
some of which have not been found anyplace else on earth. There are three major tracts of public land
located along the southern border of Russell county. These lands extend from HWY. 19 east to the
Smyth county line, Some of this land is in Russell county but is accessible only from Washington

county. These are owned by the Commission of Outdoor Recreation and managed by the Division

vV-15




V - 16

of State Parks and the Division of Game and Inland Fisheries.  The tracts of land are known as the

Hidden Valley Lake and Wildlife Management Area, the Channels of the Clinch Management Area,

and the Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area which includes the 300 acre Laurel Bed Lake

(actually located in the southeast corner of Russell County.  

The Trans-America Bike Route which extends from Yorktown, Virginia to Seattle

Washington crosses the county as it follows Rt. 80 from Washington County to Dickenson County.

There are several local and regional biking and/or riding trails in or adjacent to the county which

attract people to Russell County.  The Virginia Coal Heritage trail, the Heart of Appalachia Bike

Route, the Sugar Hill Loop trail and the Clinch Mountain Loop trail.

The nature conservancy has acquired significant acreage near the town of Cleveland along the

Clinch River. The Clinch River and adjoining areas has been recognized as the #1 river in the country

for environmental diversity and in the world for fresh water mussels.  It is home for 400 species of

animals twenty-two (22) of which are on the endangered or threatened species list.  

The county is a supporter of the Heartwood which is Southwest Virginia’s Artisan Gateway.

The Heartwood is a 29,000 sq. ft. structure located on the Highlands Community College campus in

Abingdon whose purpose is to showcase the amenities of places in Southwest, Virginia like Russell

County.

G.  Telecommunications

Fiber Optic Cable for communication purposes has been described as the 21  centuriesst

interstate.  This infrastructure has been installed thru Russell county as seen on the enclosed map.

Not shown on the map is the combination of the fiber along Rt. 80 into Dickenson County. The

Cumberland Plateau Company a not for profit regional agency which has been formed to provide high

of State Parks and the Division of Game and Inland Fisheries. ‘The tracts of land are known as the
Hidden Valley Lake and Wildlife Management Area, the Channels of the Clinch Management Area,
and the Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area which includes the 300 acre Laurel Bed Lake
(actually located in the southeast corner of Russell County.

The Trans-America Bike Route which extends from Yorktown, Virginia to Seattle
Washington crosses the county as it follows Rt. 80 from Washington County to Dickenson County.
There are several local and regional biking and/or riding trails in or adjacent to the county which
attract people to Russell County. The Virginia Coal Heritage trail, the Heart of Appalachia Bike
Route, the Sugar Hill Loop trail and the Clinch Mountain Loop trail.

‘The nature conservancy has acquired significant acreage near the town of Cleveland along the
Clinch River. The Clinch River and adjoining areas has been recognized as the #1 river in the country
for environmental diversity and in the world for fresh water mussels. It is home for 400 species of
animals twenty-two (22) of which are on the endangered or threatened species list.

The county is a supporter of the Heartwood which is Southwest Virginia’s Artisan Gateway.
The Heartwood is a 29,000 sq, ft. structure located on the Highlands Community College campus in
Abingdon whose purpose is to showcase the amenities of places in Southwest, Virginia like Russell
County.

G. Telecommunications

Fiber Optic Cable for communication purposes has been described as the 21” centuries
interstate. This infrastructure has been installed thru Russell county as seen on the enclosed map.
Not shown on the map is the combination of the fiber along Rt. 80 into Dickenson County. The

Cumberland Plateau Company a not for profit regional agency which has been formed to provide high

V-16




V - 17

speed telecommunication services in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District.  The company has

established a relationship with the Bristol Virginia Utilities Board to operate and maintain the system

for the 4 counties including Russell.  

Their plan is to install the fiber necessary to provide high speed telecom services to business

and industry within 500 ft. on either side of the fiber located in the county.  Residential connection

to the fiber is second priority.  High Speed telecom services to the remainder of the county is yet to

be determined.  

speed telecommunication services in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District. The company has
established a relationship with the Bristol Virginia Utilities Board to operate and maintain the system
for the 4 counties including Russell.

Their plan is to install the fiber necessary to provide high speed telecom services to business
and industry within 500 ff. on either side of the fiber located in the county. Residential connection
to the fiber is second priority. High Speed telecom services to the remainder of the county is yet to

be determined.

V-17




Southwest Virginia Broadband Communications Infrastructure
Cumberland Plateau Company Optical Fiber Network

—— CPC Fiber Network — Scott County Telephone Fiber Network
—— BVU Fiber Network Lenowisco Fiber Network

——— 2010 Construction * ~~ Point of Presence

{J cumberand Plateau Planning District





Infrastructure

ell County, Virginia
sive Development Plan
Broadband Communications

Russi
Comprehen:





V - 20

H. Library

The Russell County Public Library system consist of the Main Facility located in the Town

of Lebanon and a branch facility located in the Town of Honaker.  Each of these facilities are located

central to the area that they serve and the facilities are accessible.  

The library system offers a modern program that reaches out to all age groups in the county.

The system provides approximately 60,000 volumes and has high speed computer access to the world.

I.  Cumberland Mountain Community Services

Cumberland Mountain Community Services is a regional organization that provides services

to people with Mental Health diseases, Intellectual Disabilities and Substance Abuse issues in three

(3) of the four (4) Counties that make up the Cumberland Plateau Planning District.  This

organization is authorized in the Code of Virginia and is the vehicle in Russell County that reduces

the cost of mental health services by providing them in the community instead of in a centralized

institution.  Funding for the organization is from Federal, State and local sources.  However, most of

the funding is earned by contracting for services.

The following are services that are provided in Russell County.

• Crisis Services: Scheduled or unscheduled clinical interventions in response to an acute crisis

episode; may be face-to-face or telephone.  

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Case Management Services: This program provides

assistance to individuals (adult and children) with mental health and substance abuse issues

in assessing needed services; includes assessing needs and a plan for services; linking to

services and supports, coordinating services with other providers, enhancing reintegration

back into the community and advocating for clients in response to changing needs.

H. Library

The Russell County Public Library system consist of the Main Facility located in the Town

of Lebanon and a branch facility located in the Town of Honaker. Each of these facilities are located
central to the area that they serve and the facilities are accessible
The library system offers a modern program that reaches out to all age groups in the county.

The system provides approximately 60,000 volumes and has high speed computer access to the world.

IL Cumberland Mountain Community Services

Cumberland Mountain Community Services is a regional organization that provides services
to people with Mental Health diseases, Intellectual Disabilities and Substance Abuse issues in three
(3) of the four (4) Counties that make up the Cumberland Plateau Planning District. This
organization is authorized in the Code of Virginia and is the vehicle in Russell County that reduces
the cost of mental health services by providing them in the community instead of in a centralized

institution. Funding for the organization is from Federal, State and local sources. However, most of

the funding is earned by contracting for services.
The following are services that are provided in Russell County.

+ Crisis Services: Scheduled or unscheduled clinical interventions in response to an acute crisis.
episode; may be face-to-face or telephone.

+ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Case Management Services: This program provides
assistance to individuals (adult and children) with mental health and substance abuse issues
in assessing needed services; includes assessing needs and a plan for services; linking to
services and supports, coordinating services with other providers, enhancing reintegration

back into the community and advocating for clients in response to changing needs.

v-20




V - 21

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Outpatient Services: These services are provided on an

individual, family, or group basis; diagnosis and evaluation, screening and intake, medical and

psychiatric and/or education.

• Medication Services: These services may be available to individuals involved in other

services; may include prescribing, dispensing and monitoring of medication by psychiatrist,

nurse practitioner or nurse.

• In-Home Mental Health Support: These are unstructured services that support individuals in

their own housing arrangements; normally this service does not involve overnight care.

• Child and Adolescent Services:   These are office based counseling services for the individual,

family and group focusing on improvement in emotional and behavioral issues; intensive in-

home care and school treatment are available on a limited basis for children at risk of being

removed from their home or community.  

• Infant Intervention Services: These are family-centered, community based services for

children 0-3 years; the services are designed to help prevent or reduce developmental delays.

Cumberland Mountain Community Services operates and maintains six (6) treatment facilities

in Russell County, four (4) are located in or adjacent to the Town of Lebanon and two (2) are located

in the Town of Honaker.

Two (2) of the facilities in Lebanon are primarily for treatment and two (2) are group homes,

one (1) for males and the other for females with intellectual disabilities.

The two (2) facilities in the Town of Honaker are group homes for individuals with

intellectual disabilities and they are each COED.

+ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Outpatient Services: These services are provided on an
individual, family, or group basis; diagnosis and evaluation, screening and intake, medical and
psychiatric and/or education.

. Medication Services

These services may be available to individuals involved in other
services; may include prescribing, dispensing and monitoring of medication by psychiatrist,
nurse practitioner or nurse.

+ In-Home Mental Health Support: These are unstructured services that support individuals in
their own housing arrangements; normally this service does not involve overnight care.

+ Child and Adolescent Services: These are office based counseling services for the individual,

family and group focusing on improvement in emotional and behavioral issues; intensive in-

home care and school treatment are available on a limited basis for children at risk of being
removed from their home or community.

. Infant Intervention Services

: These are family-centered, community based services for

children 0-3 years; the services are designed to help prevent or reduce developmental delays.

Cumberland Mountain Community Services operates and maintains six (6) treatment facilities
in Russell County, four (4) are located in or adjacent to the Town of Lebanon and two (2) are located
in the Town of Honaker.

Two (2) of the facilities in Lebanon are primarily for treatment and two (2) are group homes,
one (1) for males and the other for females with intellectual disabilities.

The two (2) facilities in the Town of Honaker are group homes for individuals with

intellectual disabilities and they are each COED.

V-21




V - 22

J.  Healthcare

Russell County residents may receive their primary medical care from the Russell County

Medical Center (RCMC) which is a 78-bed general acute care facility located in the Town of

Lebanon.  The facility offers a range of services including: a 7-bed emergency department, 5-bed

intensive care unit, 3-room surgical suite, 58-bed medical surgical, and 20-bed adult inpatient

psychiatric unit.  The facility is fully licensed and is accredited by The Joint Commission.  RCMC

is owned and operated by Mountain States Health Alliance.  

RCMC offers a wide range of diagnostic imaging services including radiography, fluoroscopy,

computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, nuclear medicine, echocardiography/ultrasound,

mammography and a mobile MRI.  The hospital has 23 active members of the medical staff and

employs approximately 300 support personnel.  Other services provided include Physical Therapy,

Home Health Care and Hospice.

K.  Public Safety Fire and Rescue

Law Enforcement

The Russell County Sheriff’s Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county,

headquartered in the Town of Lebanon.  The Sheriff’s office has a total work force of  fifty-one

(51) employees.  This department has thirty-four (34) deputies, six (6) of which are investigators,

five (5) are school resource officers, one (1) canine unit, eleven (11) communications officers,

three (3) records clerks and two (2) administrative assistants.  The Sheriff’s office also has nine

(9)  designated chaplains who serve the county in addition to the department in situations where

they are needed.  There are two (2) town police departments in the County, the Towns of Lebanon

and Honaker   The Lebanon Police Department consist of ten (10)  police officers including the

J. Healthcare

Russell County residents may receive their primary medical care from the Russell County
Medical Center (RCMC) which is a 78-bed general acute care facility located in the Town of
Lebanon. The facility offers a range of services including: a 7-bed emergency department, 5-bed
intensive care unit, 3-room surgical suite, 58-bed medical surgical, and 20-bed adult inpatient
psychiatric unit. The facility is fully licensed and is accredited by The Joint Commission. RCMC
is owned and operated by Mountain States Health Alliance.

RCMC offers a wide range of diagnostic imaging services including radiography, fluoroscopy,
computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, nuclear medicine, echocardiography/ultrasound,
mammography and a mobile MRI. The hospital has 23 active members of the medical staff and
employs approximately 300 support personnel. Other services provided include Physical Therapy,
Home Health Care and Hospice.

K. Public Safety Fire and Rescue

Law Enforcement

The Russell County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county,
headquartered in the Town of Lebanon, The Sherif’s office has a total work force of fifty-one
(51) employees. This department has thirty-four (34) deputies, six (6) of which are investigators,
five (5) are school resource officers, one (1) canine unit, eleven (11) communications officers,
three (3) records clerks and two (2) administrative assistants. The Sheriff's office also has nine
(9) designated chaplains who serve the county in addition to the department in situations where
they are needed. There are two (2) town police departments in the County, the Towns of Lebanon

and Honaker The Lebanon Police Department consist of ten (10) police officers including the

V-22




V - 23

Chief, eight (8) auxiliary officers and one (1) office administrative assistant.  The Honaker Police

Department consist of a total of five (5) officers including the Chief and three (3) administrative

assistants.

The Virginia State Police has a total of six (6) officers who are assigned to Russell County and

assist the Sheriff’s office as needed.

All communication with law enforcement officers (FBI, State Police, Town and County) are

dispatched through the Sheriff’s communication center in Lebanon.  

Fire Departments

Russell County has eight (8) active fire departments; they are as listed: Castlewood Fire-Rescue,

Copper Creek Fire (which has two (2) stations), Dante Fire, Lebanon Fire, Cleveland Fire, Belfast

Fire, Honaker Fire and St. Paul Fire which serves a portion of Russell County.  The total combined

volunteer members varies from 170 to 180 persons qualified to provide fire control services.  Within

the combined eight (8) departments that serve Russell County are a total of twenty (20) pumpers,

twelve (12) tankers and seventeen (17) auxiliary vehicles of various types.  All fire agencies are

dispatched through the Russell County E-911 Communication Center in Lebanon.

Rescue Squads

Russell County is served by five (5) volunteer rescue squads; they are as listed: Castlewood Fire &

Rescue, Dante Rescue, Cleveland Lifesaving Crew, New Garden Rescue, and Lebanon Lifesaving

Crew.  The total number of qualified volunteers is approximately one hundred (100) persons for

emergency services in Russell County.  All Emergency Management Service agencies are dispatched

through the Russell County E-911 Communications Center in Lebanon. There are two (2) private

providers of ambulance services in Russell County.  Both are located in Lebanon and each of them

Chief, eight (8) auxiliary officers and one (1) office administrative assistant, The Honaker Police
Department consist of a total of five (5) officers including the Chief and three (3) administrative
assistants.

The Virginia State Police has a total of six (6) officers who are assigned to Russell County and
assist the Sheriff's office as needed.

All communication with law enforcement officers (FBI, State Police, Town and County) are

dispatched through the Sheriff's communication center in Lebanon.

ire Departments

Russell County has eight (8) active fire departments; they are as listed: Castlewood Fire-Rescue,
Copper Creek Fire (which has two (2) stations), Dante Fire, Lebanon Fire, Cleveland Fire, Belfast
Fire, Honaker Fire and St. Paul Fire which serves a portion of Russell County. The total combined
volunteer members varies from 170 to 180 persons qualified to provide fire control services. Within
the combined eight (8) departments that serve Russell County are a total of twenty (20) pumpers,
twelve (12) tankers and seventeen (17) auxiliary vehicles of various types. All fire agencies are
dispatched through the Russell County E-911 Communication Center in Lebanon.

Rescue Squads

Russell County is served by five (5) volunteer rescue squads; they are as listed: Castlewood Fire &
Rescue, Dante Rescue, Cleveland Lifesaving Crew, New Garden Rescue, and Lebanon Lifesaving
Crew. The total number of qualified volunteers is approximately one hundred (100) persons for
emergency services in Russell County. All Emergency Management Service agencies are dispatched

through the Russell County E-911 Communications Center in Lebanon, There are two (2) private

providers of ambulance services in Russell County. Both are located in Lebanon and each of them

V-23




V - 24

are available and qualified to provide life-saving services as needed.

L.  Clinch Valley Community Action, Inc.

The Clinch Valley Community Action, Inc. (CVCA) is a private non-profit organization that

has served low-income individuals in the Region since 1965 as part of a national network of

Community Action agencies.  Based on the Clinch Valley Community Action, Inc. Mission Statement

“The Agency provides resources and opportunities to individuals, families and communities in a

supportive environment to improve the quality of life”....

The agency operates over thirty (30) programs that address the desire to prepare individuals

for the opportunities that may be available to them in the four (4) County service area of the

organization.  The agency is governed by a Board of Directors 1/3 of whom are elected officials, 1/3

representing business, labor and community groups, and 1/3 representing the low income population.

The agency has approximately one-hundred (100) staff members and a budget of more than four (4)

million dollars.  Funding is from federal and state grants and contributions from United Way, private

foundations, individual donations and fund-raises.

The following is a description of some of the services provided by CVCA or its sister agency

(People, Inc.) located in Washington County.

Workforce Investment Act

Youth Services - From the funds received through this program the agencies work with youth

ages 16-21 who are currently attending or are recently out of school.  The purpose is to provide the

education and training to prepare them to enter the Workforce.  There are income and other guidelines

which must be met in order to receive funds for the training.

are available and qualified to provide life-saving services as needed.
L. Clinch Valley Community Action, Inc.

The Clinch Valley Community Action, Inc. (CVCA) is a private non-profit organization that
has served low-income individuals in the Region since 1965 as part of a national network of
Community Action agencies, Based on the Clinch Valley Community Action, Inc, Mission Statement

“The Agency provides resources and opportunities to individuals, families and communities in a

supportive environment to improve the quality of life’

The agency operates over thirty (30) programs that address the desire to prepare individuals
for the opportunities that may be available to them in the four (4) County service area of the
organization. The agency is governed by a Board of Directors 1/3 of whom are elected officials, 1/3
representing business, labor and community groups, and 1/3 representing the low income population.
The agency has approximately one-hundred (100) staff members and a budget of more than four (4)
million dollars. Funding is from federal and state grants and contributions from United Way, private
foundations, individual donations and fund-raises.

The following is a description of some of the services provided by CVCA or its sister agency
(People, Inc.) located in Washington County.
Workforce Investment Act

Youth Services - From the funds received through this program the agencies work with youth
ages 16-21 who are currently attending or are recently out of school. The purpose is to provide the
education and training to prepare them to enter the Workforce. There are income and other guidelines

which must be met in order to receive funds for the training.

v-24




V - 25

Adult and Dislocated Worker Services - These programs are designed to work with adults who

lack education and training to obtain and/or retain employment, or to train adults who have been

recently laid-off from their last place of employment.  Funding is available for training at approved

public or private institutions for the people that meet the federal guidelines.

Russell County Incumbent Worker Training Program - In partnership with the Alcoa

Foundation, the program offers financial assistance to Russell County residents that increase their job

training and education to enable them to advance in the workplace. 

Early Head Start and Family Development

Early Head Start - This program offers pregnant women and children ages 0 to 3 early

childhood education while addressing the entire family’s basic needs such as medical, dental, family

services and parent involvement.  

Head Start-This program offers families with children ages 3 to 5 early childhood education

while addressing the entire family’s basic needs such as medical, dental, family services and parent

involvement.  

At the present time these programs are being provided at centers in Lebanon, Honaker,

Cleveland, Swords Creek, and Dante.  

Community and Economic Development

Ninth District Development Financing, Inc.-This program is a loan fund which was

established to fund tourism destinations throughout Virginia’s Ninth Congressional District.

Individual Development Account Program-This program provides economic literacy training

and a matched savings program to help individuals save for the purchase of a home, higher education,

or use for a business.  

Adult and Dislocated Worker Services - These programs are designed to work with adults who
lack education and training to obtain and/or retain employment, or to train adults who have been
recently laid-off from their last place of employment. Funding is available for training at approved
public or private institutions for the people that meet the federal guidelines.

Russell County Incumbent Worker Training Program - In partnership with the Alcoa

Foundation, the program offers financial assistance to Russell County residents that increase their job
training and education to enable them to advance in the workplace.

Early Head Start and Family Development

Early Head Start - This program offers pregnant women and children ages 0 to 3 early

childhood education while addressing the entire family’s basic needs such as medical, dental, family

services and parent involvement.
Head Start-This program offers families with children ages 3 to 5 early childhood education
while addressing the entire family’s basic needs such as medical, dental, family services and parent
involvement.
‘At the present time these programs are being provided at centers in Lebanon, Honaker,
Cleveland, Swords Creek, and Dante,

Community and Economic Development

Ninth_District_ Development Financing, Inc.-This program is a loan fund which was

established to fund tourism destinations throughout Virginia’s Ninth Congressional District.
Individual Development Account Program-This program provides economic literacy training
anda matched savings program to help individuals save for the purchase of'a home, higher education,

or use for a business.

V-25




V - 26

Cars for Work-This program offers zero percent interest car loans to families requiring

transportation to maintain employment or complete school.

Microenterprise Loans/Business Start-This program offers microenterprise loans (under

$35,000), business training and technical assistance services targeting entrepreneurs.

Small Business Development Loans-This program offers business loans of up to $200,000 for

emerging and expanding businesses coupled with business training and technical services to spur job

creation.  

New Markets Tax Credits-This program offers tax credits as an incentive to increase

investment in economically distressed communities.  The program enables People Incorporated to

make multi-million dollar loans in high-impact community development projects that have the

potential to create jobs and accelerate economic revitalization.  

Consumer Loans-This program offers affordable consumer loans ranging from $100 to

$10,000 to qualified individuals for a variety of purposes, such as for home improvement, debt

consolidation, and car repairs. 

Community Services

CHIP-Comprehensive Health Investment Program-CHIP seeks to improve the family’s

overall wellness by ensuring young children have a primary care physician, by providing health

education and related services, and by addressing social issues that affect family health.

Domestic Violence Shelter and Outreach Services-This program provides temporary

emergency shelter, counseling, 24 hour crisis hotline, support services, referrals, and court advocacy

for domestic violence/sexual assault victims and their children.

VU CARES-This program helps incarcerated individuals transition to life out of prison.

Cars for Work-This program offers zero percent interest car loans to families requiring

transportation to maintain employment or complete school.

Microenterprise Loans/Business Start-This program offers microenterprise loans (under
$35,000), business training and technical assistance services targeting entrepreneurs.

Small Business Development Loans-This program offers business loans of up to $200,000 for
emerging and expanding businesses coupled with business training and technical services to spur job
creation.

New Markets Tax Credits-This program offers tax credits as an incentive to increase
investment in economically distressed communities. The program enables People Incorporated to
make multi-million dollar loans in high-impact community development projects that have the
potential to create jobs and accelerate economic revitalization.

Consumer Loans-This program offers affordable consumer loans ranging from $100 to
$10,000 to qualified individuals for a variety of purposes, such as for home improvement, debt
consolidation, and car repairs.

Community Services

CHIP-Comprehensive Health Investment Program-CHIP seeks to improve the family’s

overall wellness by ensuring young children have a primary care physician, by providing health
education and related services, and by addressing social issues that affect family health.

Domestic Violence Shelter_and Outreach Services-This program provides temporary

emergency shelter, counseling, 24 hour crisis hotline, support services, referrals, and court advocacy

for domestic violence/sexual assault victims and their children.

VU CARES-This program helps incarcerated individuals transition to life out of prison.

V-26




V - 27

Services include pre-release productive citizenship workshops, post-release supportive services and

job assistance to help reduce recidivism.  

Project Discovery-This program assists low-income and/or first generation college-bound

students in preparing for post-secondary education.  Campus visits and workshops on financial aid,

choosing a college, and other related topics are also provided through this program.  

Resource Mothers-This program supports first-time pregnant teens with pre- and post-natal

health and nutrition education to ensure healthy birth outcomes; provides parent education about early

childhood development, transportation to appointments, and dropout prevention.  

Housing

Weatherization-The weatherization program is designed to assist low income families to save

energy and lower heating costs.  The program starts with an energy audit to determine what needs to

be done and then the resources to correct the problems including training.  The program is available

to both homeowners and renters.

Housing Counseling and Home Ownership Program-A HUD-certified housing counselor helps

income qualified families to improve their housing or to prepare for home ownership by providing

home buyer education, financial literacy, credit counseling and originating low-interest home loans

through partnering financial institutions.  

Home Equity Conversion Mortgage Assistance Program (HECM) Counseling-This program

offers information on reverse mortgages for seniors interested in accessing the equity invested in their

homes. 

Southeast Rural Community Assistance Program (SERCAP)-This program enables families

to obtain safe drinking water and environmentally safe sewage disposal by installing water reservoirs,

Services include pre-release productive citizenship workshops, post-release supportive services and

job assistance to help reduce recidivism.

Project Discovery-This program assists low-income and/or first generation college-bound
students in preparing for post-secondary education, Campus visits and workshops on financial aid,
choosing a college, and other related topics are also provided through this program.

Resource Mothers-This program supports first-time pregnant teens with pre- and post-natal
health and nutrition education to ensure healthy birth outcomes; provides parent education about early
childhood development, transportation to appointments, and dropout prevention.

Housing

Weatherization-The weatherization program is designed to assist low income families to save
energy and lower heating costs. The program starts with an energy audit to determine what needs to
be done and then the resources to correct the problems including training. The program is available

to both homeowners and renters.

Housing Counseling and Home Ownership Program-A HUD-certified housing counselor helps

income qualified families to improve their housing or to prepare for home ownership by providing
home buyer education, financial literacy, credit counseling and originating low-interest home loans
through partnering financial institutions,

Home Equity Conversion Mortgage Assistance Program (HECM) Counseling-This program

offers information on reverse mortgages for seniors interested in accessing the equity invested in their
homes.

Southeast Rural Community Assistance Program (SERCAP)-This program enables families

to obtain safe drinking water and environmentally safe sewage disposal by installing water reservoirs,

V-27




V - 28

spring boxes, wells, septic systems and connections to public water and sewer systems.  

Homeless Intervention Program (HIP)/Homeless Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program-

This program offers short-term financial assistance to households at-risk of becoming homeless due

to short-term, unavoidable financial hardship.

Transitional Housing-This program provides temporary housing and case management

services to homeless families.  Families may participate up to two years by maintaining employment

and contributing monthly to a savings account.  

spring boxes, wells, septic systems and connections to public water and sewer systems.

Homeless Intervention Program (HIP)/Homeless Prevention and Rapid Re-housing Program-

This program off

short-term financial assistance to households at-risk of becoming homeless due
to short-term, unavoidable financial hardship.

Transitional Housing-This program provides temporary housing and case management

services to homeless families. Families may participate up to two years by maintaining employment

and contributing monthly to a savings account.

V-28




Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development Plan
Water Systems Year 2010

Russell County

16. Ceveland Weber mprovemerts Project
{7 -Lbanan Viner & Sever Project
18, Chggervle

419. Camo -Back Vasey

20, Copper Feage 7.74

22 Rosedale

23. her Gree

24 Pranks HosomRodiaon ge
28. Yates Esateshigniang Aces
28 Poort am Adstion

27. Baga Mowar-Prase 2

Ce Ean, 2 ban ee

Cumberland Platoau AOAAISCE AMAL essnc nceacommcnn ooeascosr son finer nite nim ner Oe ee

Planning District Commission ENGINEERING, INC.
i Goeburn Virgins io





V - 30

M.  Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens

The Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens is one of twenty-five area agencies on aging

designated by the Virginia Department for the Aging to carry out the departments mission to foster

the dignity, independence and security of older Virginians by promoting partnerships with

communities at the local level.  The AASC plans, coordinates, and implements programs that

encourage independence and quality of life.

The AASC was organized in 1975 as a joint exercise of powers agency to provide the services

to seniors in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District funded by the federal legislation known as the

“Older Americans Act.”

The AASC provides a full range of service to seniors in each of the four counties in the

planning district including Russell County.  The services being provided include transportation, inter-

generational day care, nutrition, socialization and recreation, emergency home repair, fuel and energy

assistance, medicare assistance, plus some programs that have received statewide and national

recognition.  

N.  Water Supply Services

Water supply services in Russell County are Currently being provided thru two (2) public

service authorities and three (3) towns.  In addition, there are approximately twenty-eight (28)

privately owned community type water systems in the county.

The Russell County Public Service Authority is the primary provider of water services by the

Russell County Board of Supervisors.  This authority previously known as the Swords Creek PSA

is actively extending water lines throughout the county.  See map for a representation of existing and

future water facilities.  

M. Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens

The Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens is one of twenty-five area agencies on aging
designated by the Virginia Department for the Aging to carry out the departments mission to foster
the dignity, independence and security of older Virginians by promoting partnerships with
communities at the local level. The AASC plans, coordinates, and implements programs that
encourage independence and quality of life.

The AASC was organized in 1975 as a joint exercise of powers agency to provide the services
to seniors in the Cumberland Plateau Planning District funded by the federal legislation known as the
“Older Americans Act.”

The ASC provides a full range of service to seniors in each of the four counties in the
planning district including Russell County. The services being provided include transportation, inter-
generational day care, nutrition, socialization and recreation, emergency home repair, fuel and energy
assistance, medicare assistance, plus some programs that have received statewide and national
recognition.

N. Water Supply Services

Water supply services in Russell County are Currently being provided thru two (2) public
service authorities and three (3) towns. In addition, there are approximately twenty-eight (28)
privately owned community type water systems in the county.

The Russell County Public Service Authority is the primary provider of water services by the
Russell County Board of Supervisors. This authority previously known as the Swords Creek PSA
is actively extending water lines throughout the county. See map for a representation of existing and

future water facilities.

v-30




V - 31

The RCPSA purchases water from the Tazewell County Public Service Authority (TCPSA).

The storage capacity for the RCPSA is maintained in four (4) storage tanks with a total capacity of

400,000 gallons.

The Russell County Water and Sewage Authority provides water and sewage services in the

Castlewood, Dante, and Gravel Lick areas in the Northwestern section of Russell County.  Water

supplies for this system come from abandoned mine portals, wells, and some purchases from the

Town of St. Paul.  The water for the system is chlorinated near the source and stored in seven tanks

(800,000 gal.) in the area north of the Clinch River.  There are two (2) tanks south of the Clinch River

with a storage capacity of 633,000 gallons.  

Town of Honaker

The Town of Honaker provides water services to the town and adjacent developed areas.  The

town withdraws water from four (4) wells with a design capacity of 286,000 gallons per day.  The

water is chlorinated prior to being stored for distribution from two (2) tanks with a total capacity of

450,000 gallons (150,000 + 300,000).

Town of Cleveland

The Town of Cleveland operates a water system that serves the town and adjoining areas.  The

town has a 100,00 gallon storage tank for distribution and design limit of 52,000 gallons per day.  An

additional well is available for emergency use only and subsequent to approval from the Virginia

Department of Health.

Town of Lebanon

The Town of Lebanon has a raw water intake on Big Cedar Creek with the treatment plant

immediately adjacent on State Route 658.  The treatment plant is One (1) MGD conventional

The RCPSA purchases water from the Tazewell County Public Service Authority (TCPSA).
The storage capacity for the RCPSA is maintained in four (4) storage tanks with a total capacity of
400,000 gallons.

The Russell County Water and Sewage Authority provides water and sewage services in the
Castlewood, Dante, and Gravel Lick areas in the Northwestern section of Russell County. Water
supplies for this system come from abandoned mine portals, wells, and some purchases from the
Town of St. Paul, The water for the system is chlorinated near the source and stored in seven tanks
(800,000 gal.) in the area north of the Clinch River. There are two (2) tanks south of the Clinch River
with a storage capacity of 633,000 gallons.

‘Town of Honaker

The Town of Honaker provides water services to the town and adjacent developed areas. The
town withdraws water from four (4) wells with a design capacity of 286,000 gallons per day. The
water is chlorinated prior to being stored for distribution from two (2) tanks with a total capacity of
450,000 gallons (150,000 + 300,000).

Town of Cleveland

The Town of Cleveland operates a water system that serves the town and adjoining areas. The
town has a 100,00 gallon storage tank for distribution and design limit of $2,000 gallons per day. An
additional well is available for emergency use only and subsequent to approval from the Virginia
Department of Health.

Town of Lebanon
The Town of Lebanon has a raw water intake on Big Cedar Creek with the treatment plant

immediately adjacent on State Route 658. The treatment plant is One (1) MGD conventional

V-31




V - 32

treatment facility that includes sedimentation basins and filters.  The town produces approximately

433,000 gallons per day which it stores for distribution in four (4) tanks with a combined total of

approximately 1.5 million gallons.

The town has approximately 1,650 combined residential, commercial, industrial and

institutional connections.  

O. Existing Wastewater Systems

At the time present wastewater collection and treatment is provided to approximately

seventeen (17) percent of the population of Russell County.  Funding has been approved for sewerage

to be provided in the community of Morefield near St. Paul in the northwestern end of the County.

These services are being provided by five (5) different organizations.  Four (4) towns (Lebanon,

Honaker, St. Paul and Cleveland) and the Russell County Water and Sewer Authority.

The Town of Cleveland has a 100,000 gallon permitted sewage treatment plant and is treating

18,000 gallon per day.  The treatment type is activated sludge with chlorination of the final effluent

before discharge into the Clinch River just west of town.

The Town of Lebanon has a one (1) million gallon per day activated sludge sewage treatment

plant and is treating approximately 500,000 gallon per day with chlorination of the final effluent

before discharge into Little Cedar Creek.

The Town of Honaker operates an activated sludge sewage treatment plant which is permitted

for 400,000 gallon per day and is treating from 250,000 - 370,000 gallon per day.  The final effluent

is chlorinated before discharge into Lewis Creek south of the town limits.  The system only has one

(1) pump station which is located at the Honaker Elementary School.

treatment facility that includes sedimentation basins and filters. The town produces approximately
433,000 gallons per day which it stores for distribution in four (4) tanks with a combined total of
approximately 1.5 million gallons.

The town has approximately 1,650 combined residential, commercial, industrial and
institutional connections.

O. Existing Wastewater Systems

At the time present wastewater collection and treatment is provided to approximately
seventeen (17) percent of the population of Russell County. Funding has been approved for sewerage
to be provided in the community of Morefield near St. Paul in the northwestern end of the County.
These services are being provided by five (5) different organizations. Four (4) towns (Lebanon,
Honaker, St. Paul and Cleveland) and the Russell County Water and Sewer Authority.

The Town of Cleveland has a 100,000 gallon permitted sewage treatment plant and is treating
18,000 gallon per day. The treatment type is activated sludge with chlorination of the final effluent
before discharge into the Clinch River just west of town.

The Town of Lebanon has a one (1) million gallon per day activated sludge sewage treatment
plant and is treating approximately 500,000 gallon per day with chlorination of the final effluent
before discharge into Little Cedar Creek.

The Town of Honaker operates an activated sludge sewage treatment plant which is permitted
for 400,000 gallon per day and is treating from 250,000 - 370,000 gallon per day. The final effluent
is chlorinated before discharge into Lewis Creek south of the town limits. The system only has one

(1) pump station which is located at the Honaker Elementary School.

V-32




V - 33

The community of Dante has a 125,000 gallon per day sewage treatment plant.  The treatment

type is activated sludge with post aeration and ultraviolet treatment of the final effluent.  The system

is operated by the Russell County Water and Sewage Authority.

The Town of St. Paul operates a 400,000 gallon per day lagoon type sewage treatment plant

which is aerated and disinfects the final effluent with ultraviolet light before discharge into the Clinch

River.  The average daily flow into this facility is 75,000 gallon per day.

The community of Dante has a 125,000 gallon per day sewage treatment plant, The treatment
type is activated sludge with post aeration and ultraviolet treatment of the final effluent. The system
is operated by the Russell County Water and Sewage Authority.

The Town of St. Paul operates a 400,000 gallon per day lagoon type sewage treatment plant
which is aerated and disinfects the final effluent with ultraviolet light before discharge into the Clinch

River. The average daily flow into this facility is 75,000 gallon per day.

V-33




Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development Plan
Existing and Future Sewer Systems.

‘Coeburn, Virginia





VI-1 
 

CHAPTER VI 

ECONOMY 

 

 Of the many factors which determine the future of a community, none is more important 

than its economy.  One widely accepted theoretical approach to understanding how a local 

economy works is economic base theory.  This theory holds that the primary components of a 

local economy can be divided in one of two key sectors – basic and non-basic.  Basic 

employment is defined as the employment in industries which sell most of their goods and 

services outside the area.  Emphasis is always placed on the basic employment sector because it 

is the primary source of area growth. 

 For several decades, the coal mining industry has been the primary source of basic 

employment in Russell County and the Cumberland Plateau Planning District.  An economy 

based on a single industry, such as coal, creates problems which are difficult to correct.  

Dependence on one basic industry makes the area highly susceptible to changes in that industry.  

Industries which sell most of their goods to outside areas depend on national or regional demand 

rather than local demand.  While Russell County is not as highly dependent upon coal as some of 

the surrounding coal counties, it is still susceptible to the characteristic boom and bust cycle of 

the mining industry. 

 As a result of the boom and bust nature of the industry, diversification of Russell 

County’s employment base has been and is the primary goal that most local organizations are 

cooperatively trying to achieve.  In 1988, the county embarked upon a journey to transform itself 

from a rural resource based economy to a manufacturing and knowledge-based economy.  

Beginning in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s, dramatic success in recruiting manufacturing and 

CHAPTER VI
ECONOMY

Of the many factors which determine the future of a community, none is more important
than its economy. One widely accepted theoretical approach to understanding how a local
economy works is economic base theory. This theory holds that the primary components of a
local economy can be divided in one of two key sectors — basic and non-basic. Basic
employment is defined as the employment in industries which sell most of their goods and
services outside the area. Emphasis is always placed on the basic employment sector because it
is the primary source of area growth,

For several decades, the coal mining industry has been the primary source of basic
employment in Russell County and the Cumberland Plateau Planning District. An economy
based on a single industry, such as coal, creates problems which are difficult to correct.
Dependence on one basic industry makes the area highly susceptible to changes in that industry.
Industries which sell most of their goods to outside areas depend on national or regional demand
rather than local demand. While Russell County is not as highly dependent upon coal as some of
the surrounding coal counties, it is still susceptible to the characteristic boom and bust cycle of
the mining industry.

As a result of the boom and bust nature of the industry, diversification of Russell
County’s employment base has been and is the primary goal that most local organizations are
cooperatively trying to achieve. In 1988, the county embarked upon a journey to transform itself
from a rural resource based economy to a manufacturing and knowledge-based economy.

Beginning in the late 1990°s and early 2000’s, dramatic success in recruiting manufacturing and

Viel




VI-2 
 

knowledge based companies to Russell County has helped to stabilize the economy and provide 

a platform for future economic growth. 

 

A.  Unemployment Rates 

 Unemployment has plagued Russell County over the past eleven (11) years, peaking at 

10.8 percent in January of 2011.  According to Table VI-1, Russell County’s level of 

unemployment has been consistently higher than the State of Virginia average.  High rates of 

unemployment create personal hardship and are also of public policy concern.  The 

unemployment rates in Russell County usually reflect a downward slope Chart VI-1 because the 

rates are highest among the youngest of the labor force participants.  High unemployment in 

Russell County is mainly due to the lack of economic stimulus to absorb those seeking 

employment.   

 

 

 

knowledge based companies to Russell County has helped to stabilize the economy and provide

a platform for future economic growth.

A, Unemployment Rates

Unemployment has plagued Russell County over the past eleven (11) years, peaking at
10.8 percent in January of 2011. According to Table VI-I, Russell County’s level of
unemployment has been consistently higher than the State of Virginia average. High rates of
unemployment create personal hardship and are also of public policy concern, The
unemployment rates in Russell County usually reflect a downward slope Chart VI-1 because the
rates are highest among the youngest of the labor force participants. High unemployment in

Russell County is mainly due to the lack of economic stimulus to absorb those seeking

employment.

pie.

v2




VI-3 
 

 

                                                                                    

 

 

 

If the County is to increase its employment rate, it will result from a continuation of the 

diversification of the economy, retention of existing industries, and recruitment of new 

industries. 

 

 

 

 

 

0.0% 

5.0% 

10.0% 

15.0% 

20.0% 

25.0% 

30.0% 

16 to 19 
years 

20 to 24 
years 

25 to 44 
years 

45 to 54 
years 

55 to 64 
years 

65 to 74 
years 

75 and 
over 

Russell County 

Virginia 

                                   Chart VI-I 
Unemployment Rate 

                 Russell County and Virginia 
                            By Age Group  
                                     2010 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Chart Viel
Unemployment Rate
Russell County and Virginia
By Age Group
2010

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0% m Russell County
Virginia

10.0%

7 ‘I d | |

0.0% |

16t019 201024 251044 45toS4 SSt064 65to74 7Sand
years years_—years_-—=years_-—=years_-—years_-— over

If the County is to increase its employment rate, it will result from a continuation of the
diversification of the economy, retention of existing industries, and recruitment of new

industries.

Vi3




VI-4 
 

Table VI-1 
Unemployment Rates 

Russell County, Virginia, and United States 
By Year 

2000-2010 

  Russell County Virginia United States 

2000 5.1% 2.3% 4.0% 
2001 6.4% 3.2% 4.7% 
2002 6.3% 4.2% 5.8% 
2003 6.2% 4.1% 6.0% 
2004 5.7% 3.7% 5.5% 
2005 5.7% 3.5% 5.1% 
2006 5.9% 3.0% 4.6% 
2007 5.1% 3.0% 4.6% 
2008 5.8% 4.0% 5.8% 
2009 10.7% 6.8% 9.3% 
2010 10.1% 6.8% 9.6% 

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2011 
 

    

 

 

 

Table VI-L

Unemployment Rates
Russell County, Virginia, and United States

By Year
2000-2010

Russell County Virginia_| United States
2000 5.1% 2.3% 4.0%
2001 6.4% 3.2% 47%
2002 6.3% 4.2% 5.8%
2003 6.2% 4.1% 6.0%
2004 5.7% 3.7% 5.5%
2005 5.7% 3.5% 5.1%
2006 5.9% 3.0% 4.6%
2007 5.1% 3.0% 4.6%
2008 5.8% 4.0% 5.8%
2009 10.7% 6.8% 9.3%
2010 10.1% 6.8% 9.6%

‘Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2011

Via





VI-5 
 

 
 

Table  VI-2 
Unemployment Rates 

Russell County, Virginia, and United States 
By Month 
2010-2011 

 

  Russell County Virginia United States 

Dec-2010 9.1% 6.4% 9.1% 
Jan-2011 10.8% 6.9% 9.8% 
Feb-2011 10.1% 6.6% 9.5% 
Mar-2011 9.2% 6.3% 9.2% 
Apr-2011 8.4% 5.8% 8.7% 
May-2011 8.6% 5.9% 8.7% 
Jun-2011 9.3% 6.3% 9.3% 
Jul-2011 9.3% 6.2% 9.3% 

Aug-2011 9.5% 6.5% 9.1% 
Sep-2011 8.9% 6.4% 8.8% 
Oct-2011 8.2% 6.0% 8.5% 
Nov-2011 7.7% 5.7% 8.2% 
Dec-2011 8.0% 6.1% 8.3% 

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2012 
  

 

B.  Labor Force Status 

 From 1980 to 2010, Russell County’s labor force increased from 11,338 to 12,247, an 

increase of 8 percent.  The number of men in the work force was lower in 2010 than it was in 

1980 and the number of women was significantly higher. 

 

 

 

Table VI-2
Unemployment Rates
Russell County, Virginia, and United States

By Month

2010-2011

Russell County | Virginia _| United States

Dec-2010 9.1% 6.4% 9.1%
Jan-2011 10.8% 6.9% 9.8%
Feb-2011 10.1% 6.6% 9.5%
Mar-2011 9.2% 6.3% 9.2%
Apr-2011 8.4% 5.8% 8.7%
May-2011 8.6% 5.9% 8.7%
Jun-2011 9.3% 6.3% 9.3%
Jul-2011 9.3% 6.2% 9.3%
‘Aug-2011 9.5% 6.5% 9.1%
Sep-2011 8.9% 6.4% 8.8%
Oct-2011 8.2% 6.0% 8.5%
Nov-2011 7.7% 5.7% 8.2%
Dec-2011 8.0% 6.1% 8.3%

‘Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2012

B. Labor Force Status
From 1980 to 2010, Russell County’s labor force increased from 11,338 to 12,247, an
increase of 8 percent. The number of men in the work force was lower in 2010 than it was in

1980 and the number of women was significantly higher.

VS




VI-6 
 

 
Table  VI-3 

Labor Force 
Russell County 

By Gender and Status 
1980 - 2010 

  1980 1990 2000 2010 

Persons 16+ 23,429 22,508 24,782 23,808 

In labor force 11,338 11,548 11,695 12,247 

     % in labor force 48.40% 51.30% 47.20% 51.40% 

Males in labor force 7,642 6,988 6,394 6,666 

     % in labor force 66.14% 64.10% 51.00% 54.00% 

Females in labor force 3,696 4,560 5,301 5,581 

     % in labor force 31.10% 39.30% 43.30% 45.90% 

With children under 6 2,248 1,490 777 1,195 

     % in labor force 24.56% 45.40% 39.20% 62.90% 

Source: US Census Bureau American Community Survey.  2010 
 

  

 Labor force participation rates indicate that Russell County has an above average number 

of people in the working age population who are neither employed nor actively seeking 

employment.  A Labor Market Study prepared for the Virginia Coalfield Coalition in 1999 

indicates that two of the reasons for a low labor force participation rate are early retirements and 

ill or disabled workers. 

 Since over one-quarter of the non-working individuals consider themselves to be 

disabled, this needs to be examined to determine if some of the disabled would reenter the labor 

force if good paying jobs were available or if there are types of work appropriate for them such 

as  at-home assembly work or intro-level computer-based work. 

 

 

 

Table VI-3
Labor Force
Russell County
By Gender and Status

1980 - 2010
1980| _1990| —_2000| 2010
Persons 16+ 23,429 | 22,508 | 24,782 | 23,808
In labor force 11,338 | 11,548) 11,695 | 12,247
% in labor force 48.40% | 51.30% | 47.20% | 51.40%
Males in labor force 7,642| 6,988) 6,394| 6,666
% in labor force 66.14% | 64.10% | 51.00% | 54.00%
Females in labor force 3,696| 4,560) 5,301 | 5,581
% in labor force 31.10% | 39.30% | 43.30% | 45.90%
With children under 6 2,248 | 1,490 777| 1,195
% in labor force 24.56% | 45.40% | 39.20% | 62.90%

Source: US Census Bureau American Community Survey. 2010

Labor force participation rates indicate that Russell County has an above average number
of people in the working age population who are neither employed nor actively seeking
employment. A Labor Market Study prepared for the Virginia Coalfield Coalition in 1999
indicates that two of the reasons for a low labor force participation rate are early retirements and
ill or disabled workers.

Since over one-quarter of the non-working individuals consider themselves to be
disabled, this needs to be examined to determine if some of the disabled would reenter the labor
force if good paying jobs were available or if there are types of work appropriate for them such

as at-home assembly work or intro-level computer-based work.

V6




VI-7 
 

C.  Per Capita Personal Income 

 In 2000 the Per Capita Personal Income of Russell County was $14,863.  This PCPI 

ranked 94th in the state and was 62 percent of the state average of $23,975.  By 2009, Russell 

County had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $16,822.  The PCPI ranked 96
th

 in the state 

and was 54 percent of the state average.  The 2000-2009 growth rate of PCPI was 13 percent.  

The growth rate for the state was 31 percent. 

 
Table VI-4 

Median Income 
Russell County, CPPDC,  and Virginia 

by Income Type 
2000-2009 

 

Income  
     Russell County 
  

              CPPDC 
  

           Virginia 
  

 Type 2000 2009 2000 2009 2000 2009 
 Median Household 

Income 26,834 32,597 25,132 30,446 46,667 60,674 
 Median Family Income 31,491 41,548 27,986 36,593 54,169 72,476 
 Per Capita Income 14,863 16,822 13,842 16,333 23,975 31,313 
 

         Source : U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data)  Virginia is 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Averages, 
2007-2009 American Community Survey 3-Year Averages and Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American 
Community Survey 5-Year Averages. 

 

 

D.  Household Income 

 In Russell County 9.2 percent of the households had incomes of less than $10,000 and 

just over 31 percent of the households had incomes ranging from $10,000 to $24,999.  According 

to Table VI-5 over 52.4 percent of the households in Russell County are below the average 

poverty income of $44,500. 

 

 

C. Per Capita Personal Income

In 2000 the Per Capita Personal Income of Russell County was $14,863. This PCPI
ranked 94th in the state and was 62 percent of the state average of $23,975. By 2009, Russell
County had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $16,822. The PCPI ranked 96" in the state

and was 54 percent of the state average. The 2000-2009 growth rate of PCPI was 13 percent.

‘The growth rate for the state was 31 percent,

Table VI-4

Median Income

Russell County, CPPDC, and Virginia
by Income Type

2000-2009
Russell County CPPDC Virginia

Income

Type 2000 2009 2000 2009 | 2000 | 2009
Median Household
Income 26,834 | 32,597 | 25,132 | 30,446 | 46,667 | 60,674
| Median Family Income 31,491 | 41,548 | 27,986 | 36,593| 54,169 | 72,476
| Per Capita Income 14,863 | 16,822 | 13,842 | 16,333 | 23,975 _| 31,313

Source : U.S. Census Bureau (2000 data) Virginia is 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Averages,

2007-2003 American Community Survey 3-Year Averages and Dickenson County is from 2005-2009 American

Community Survey 5-Year Averages.

D. Household Income

In Russell County 9.2 percent of the households had incomes of less than $10,000 and
just over 31 percent of the households had incomes ranging from $10,000 to $24,999. According

to Table VI-S over 52.4 percent of the households in Russell County are below the average

poverty income of $44,500.

via





VI-8 
 

 

 

Table VI-5 
Household Income 

Russell County and CPPDC 
By  Income Group 

2010 

Income  Russell County 

% 

    CPPDC 

%  Group   Households Households 
 Less than $10,000 1,100 9.2% 5,825 12.8% 

 
$10,000 to $14,999 1,873 15.7% 4,845 10.6% 

 $15,000 to $24,999 1,906 16.0% 7,905 17.3% 

 $25,000 to $34,999 1,377 11.5% 5,912 13.0% 

 $35,000 to $49,999 2,226 18.6% 7,447 16.3% 

 $50,000 to $74,999 2,053 17.2% 7,403 16.2% 

 $75,000 to $99,999 655 5.5% 3,221 7.1% 

 $100,000 to $149,999 711 6.0% 2,318 5.1% 

 $150,000 to $199,999 0 0.0% 396 0.9% 

 $200,000 or more 40 0.3% 297 0.7% 

 Total 11,941 100.0% 45,569 100.0% 

 

      Source for Russell County: 2007-2009 American Community Survey 

Source for PDC: 2005-2009 American Community Survey for Dickenson County  

and 2007-2009 American Community Survey for Russell, Buchanan and Tazewell Counties 

 

Table VI-S
Household Income
Russell County and CPPDC
By Income Group

2010

Income Russell County | ] cPPDC

Group Households % Households %
Less than $10,000 4,100 9.2% 5,825 12.8%
$10,000 0 $14,999 4873 15.7% 4,845 10.6%
$15,000 0 $24,999 1,906 16.0% 7,905 17.3%
$25,000 to $34,999 4377 11.5% 5,912 13.0%
$35,000 to $49,999 2.228 10.6% 7,447 16.3%
$50,000 to $74,909 2.05 | 72% | 7,403 162%
$75,000 to $99,999 655 5.5% 3,221 7.4%
$100,000 to $149,999 ™ 6.0% 2,318 5.1%
$150,000 to $199,999 ° 0.0% 396 0.9%
$200,000 or more 40 0.3% 297 07%
Total 11981 100.0% 45,569 100.0%

Source for Russell County: 2007-2009 American Community Survey
Source for PDC: 2005-2009 American Community Survey for Dickenson County
and 2007-2009 American Community Survey for Russell, Buchanan and Tazewell Counties

V8




VI-9 
 

E.  Average Weekly Wages 

 Another primary measure of income is average weekly wage.  According to Virginia 

Employment data in Table VI-6, Russell County’s wage rate in 2010 is well below the state 

average in all industry sectors except one (1).  The highest paying jobs in the County are mining, 

wholesale trade, and construction.  The lowest wage rates are in accommodation and food 

services, management of companies and enterprises, and retail trade. 

 

Table VI-6 
Employment  & Weekly Wages 

Russell County  and Virginia 
by Industry Group 

2010 

Industry 

Average Weekly 
Wages: 3rd Quarter, 

2010 

Average Employment 3rd 
Quarter, 2010 

Russell 
Wages 

Virginia 
Wages 

Russell 
Employment 

Numbers 

Virginia 
Employment 

Numbers 

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting $514  $492  34 13,545 

Mining $1,165  $1,235  343  8,748 

Utilities *** $1,370  *** *** 

Construction $798  $900  618 198,005 

Manufacturing $640  $998  454 238,514 

Wholesale Trade $803  $1,276  94 110,632 

Retail Trade $431  $495  928 404,133 

Transportation and Warehousing  $615  $885 170 120,608 

Information *** $1,406  *** 80,749 

Finance and Insurance $711  $1,263  260 121,153 

Real Estate and Rental and Leasing $469  $817  23 53,011 

Professional and Technical Services $590  $1,726  326 391,093 

Management of Companies and Enterprises $396  $1,707  49 73,579 

Administrative and Waste Services $639  $664  139 205,365 

Educational Services *** $783  *** 318,981 

Health Care and Social Assistance $547  $837  1,111 428,455 

Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation *** $408  *** 77,320 

Accommodation and Food Services $237  $321  489 303,760 

Other Services, Ex. Public Admin $727  $705  173 129,577 

Public Administration $697  $1,284  495 241,960 

     Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010 

 

E. Average Weekly Wages

Another primary measure of income is average weekly wage. According to Virginia

Employment data in Table VI-6, Russell County’s wage rate in 2010 is well below the state
average in all industry sectors except one (1). The highest paying jobs in the County are mining,
wholesale trade, and construction. The lowest wage rates are in accommodation and food

services, management of companies and enterprises, and retail trade

Table Vi-6
Employment & Weekly Wages
Russell County and Virginia
by Industry Group

2010
Average Weekly ‘Average Employment 3rd
vey Wages: rd Quarter, Seana so10
| ndust Russell Virginia
Russel Yirainia Employment | Employment
8 i Numbers | Numbers
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing & Hunting 3514 $492 34 13,545
Mining $1,165 | $1,235 343 8,748
Utilities “ $1,370 “
Construction $798 $900 618 198,005
Manufacturing $640 $098 454 238.514
| Wholesale Trade $803 $1,276 94 110,632
Retail Trade $431 $495 928 404,133
Transportation and Warehousing $615 $885 170 120,608
Information “ $1,406 ” 80,749
Finance and Insurance sm 31.263 260 121,183
| Real Estate and Rental and Leasing $469 $817 23 53,011
Professional and Technical Services $590 $1,726 326 391,093
Management of Companies and Enterprises | $396 $1,707 49 73,879
| Administrative and Waste Services $639 $664 139 205,365
| Educational Services “ $783 - 318,981
| Health Care and Social Assistance $647 $837 4a 428,455
Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation ” $408 ve 77,320
‘Accommodation and Food Services $237 $321 489 303,760
| Other Services, Ex. Public Admin $727 $705 173 129.577
| Public Administration $697 $1,284 495 241,960

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010

vig




VI-10 
 

F.  Poverty 

 Another indicator of income distribution is poverty status of the population.  In Russell 

County 14.40 percent of all families live below the poverty level.  When families with female 

head of household are singled out, the rate is 36.10 percent living below the poverty level.  As 

shown by the data in Table VI-7 the overall poverty rate in Russell County is a significantly 

higher rate than the rate in the Commonwealth as a whole. 

Table VI-7 
Poverty Status 

Russell County and Virginia 
by Population Group 

2007-2009 

Group Russell County Virginia 

All Families 14.40% 7.30% 

Families With Children Under 18 20.80% 11.40% 

Families With Female Head of Household 36.10% 23.30% 

Source: 2007-2009 American Community Survey 
 
 

  

 

 

F. Poverty

Another indicator of income distribution is poverty status of the population, In Russell
County 14.40 percent of all families live below the poverty level. When families with female
head of household are singled out, the rate is 36.10 percent li

shown by the data in Table VI-7 the overall poverty rate in Russell County is a significantly

higher rate than the rate in the Commonwealth as a whole.

Table VI-7
Poverty Status

Russell County and Virginia
by Population Group

ing below the poverty level. As

2007-2009

Group Russell County | _ Virginia
All Families 14.40% 7.30%
Families With Children Under 18 20.80% 11.40%
Families With Female Head of Household 36.10% 23.30%

Source: 2007-2009 American Community Survey

vi-10





VI-11 
 

G.  Tax Base 

 Real estate and personal property in Russell County represent the two major sources of 

income available to the county.  These two indicators provide a good measure of the overall 

economic base and relative wealth of the county’s citizens.  Tables VI-8 and VI-9 compare 

taxable personal property and the fair market value between 2001 and 2009.  As can be seen 

taxable personal property value per capita in Russell County has grown at a much slower rate 

than the State of Virginia. 

Table  VI-8 
Taxable Personal Property 
Russell County and Virginia 

2001-2009 

Value Category Russell County Russell Virginia   Virginia 

2001 2009 % 
Change 

2001 2009 % Change 

Personal Property 
Value 

255 M  338 M  32.73% 4,636 M  8,872 M  91.37% 

Personal  Property  
Value Per Capita 

8,816.30  11,702.23  32.73% 160,426.21  307,007.87  91.37% 

Source : Virginia Department of  Taxation 2010 

 

 
 

Table  VI-9 
Real Estate Values 

Russell County 
Based on 100% Fair Market Value 

2001-2007 

Value Category Russell County Russell 

2001 2007 % Change 

Fair Market Value 744,742,900.00  970,206,178.00  23.00% 

Fair Market Value Per 
Capita 

25,772.33  33,574.63  30.27% 

Source :  Russell County Commissioner of Revenue, 2011  

* Real Estate appraisals for Russell County occur every 6 years, 2013 is the next reappraisal year 

G. Tax Base

Real estate and personal property in Russell County represent the two major sources of
income available to the county. These two indicators provide a good measure of the overall
economic base and relative wealth of the county’s citizens. Tables VI-8 and VI-9 compare
taxable personal property and the fair market value between 2001 and 2009. As can be seen

taxable personal property value per capita in Russell County has grown at a much slower rate

than the State of Virgi
Table VI-8
Taxable Personal Property
Russell County and Virgir
2001-2009
Value Category Russell County Russell Virginia Virginia
2001 2009 % 2001 2009 % Change
Change
Personal Property 255M 338M 32.73% 4,636 M 8,872M 91.37%
Value
Personal Property 8,816.30 11,702.23 32.73% 160,426.21 307,007.87 91.37%
Value Per Capita
Source : Virginia Department of Taxation 2010
Table VI-9

Real Estate Values
Russell County
Based on 100% Fair Market Value

2001-2007
Value Category Russell County Russell
2001 2007 % Change
Market Value 744,742,900.00 970,206,178.00 23.00%
Fair Market Value Per 25,772.33 33,574.63 30.27%
Capita

Source : Russell County Commissioner of Revenue, 2017
* Real Estate appraisals for Russell County occur every 6 years, 2013 is the next reappraisal year

Viel




VI-12 
 

 

H.  Employment By Industry 

 Total employment in Russell County increased by 6 percent from 1990 to 2010.  All of 

the growth was in the non-farm sector of the economy.  The distribution of employment in 2010 

shows that government (local, state and federal) is the largest employer, providing approximately 

15 percent of the jobs in Russell County. Retail trade is in second place at 12 percent followed 

by agriculture with 9 percent. 

 Mining employment, while still an important segment of the economy, because of high 

wage rates, provides a limited number of jobs. However, mining employment did increase from 

348 jobs in 1990 to 415 jobs in 2010, an increase of 4 percent. As shown in Table VI-10       

most of the employment sectors will increase between 2010 and 2020. 

 The employment projections shown in Table VI-10 are tenuous at best. Like any other 

projection, it is difficult to predict with certainty the future employment prospects for the 

County. Future employment growth will depend on the overall economic climate and the 

initiatives that are undertaken to help create growth and attract new businesses. 

H. Employment By Industry

Total employment in Russell County increased by 6 percent from 1990 to 2010. All of
the growth was in the non-farm sector of the economy. The distribution of employment in 2010
shows that government (local, state and federal) is the largest employer, providing approximately
15 percent of the jobs in Russell County. Retail trade is in second place at 12 percent followed
by agriculture with 9 percent.

Mining employment, while still an important segment of the economy, because of high
wage rates, provides a limited number of jobs. However, mining employment did increase from
348 jobs in 1990 to 415 jobs in 2010, an increase of 4 percent. As shown in Table VI-10
most of the employment sectors will increase between 2010 and 2020.

‘The employment projections shown in Table VI-10 are tenuous at best. Like any other
projection, it is difficult to predict with certainty the future employment prospects for the
County. Future employment growth will depend on the overall economic climate and the

initiatives that are undertaken to help create growth and attract new businesses.

viet




VI-13 
 

 

Table VI-10 
Employment 

Russell County 
By 

Employment Sector 
1990 - 2020 

 

 
1990 2000 2005 

 
2010 2015 2020 

TOTAL EMPLOYMENT  10.02 12.152 11.673 10.593 11.332 12.331 

  FARM 1.431 1.361 1.04 0.905 0.886 0.906 

  NON-FARM 8.589 10.791 10.633 9.688 10.446 11.425 

    PRIVATE NON-FARM  7.143 8.935 9.181 8.115 8.713 9.457 
      FORESTRY, FISHING, RELATED ACTIVITIES   and 
OTHER  0.038 0.088 0.078 0.074 0.072 0.075 

      MINING   0.348 0.365 0.434 0.415 0.416 0.424 

      UTILITIES   0.047 0.027 0.022 0.027 0.025 0.024 

      CONSTRUCTION  0.45 1.032 1.024 0.828 0.811 0.842 

      MANUFACTURING  1.342 1.903 1.435 0.495 0.495 0.53 

      WHOLESALE TRADE  0.297 0.253 0.211 0.205 0.233 0.262 

      RETAIL TRADE  1.107 1.246 1.332 1.299 1.438 1.57 

      TRANSPORTATION and WAREHOUSING  0.497 0.455 0.46 0.393 0.396 0.403 

      INFORMATION  0.081 0.11 0.565 0.416 0.397 0.415 

      FINANCE and INSURANCE  0.211 0.29 0.313 0.395 0.461 0.513 

      REAL ESTATE and RENTAL and LEASE  0.121 0.168 0.223 0.219 0.241 0.261 

      PROFESSIONAL and TECHNICAL SERVICES  0.267 0.34 0.309 0.49 0.618 0.724 
      MANAGEMENT of COMPANIES and      
ENTERPRISES  0.17 0.192 0.071 0.049 0.054 0.06 

      ADMINISTRATIVE and WASTE SERVICES  0.223 0.301 0.554 0.358 0.416 0.499 

      EDUCATIONAL SERVICES  0.084 0.117 0.144 0.175 0.181 0.2 

      HEALTH CARE and SOCIAL ASSISTANCE  0.529 0.599 0.644 0.89 1.019 1.146 

      ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, and RECREATION  0.174 0.202 0.168 0.179 0.159 0.165 

      ACCOMMODATION and FOOD SERVICES  0.525 0.584 0.577 0.574 0.613 0.647 
      OTHER SERVICES, EXCEPT PUBLIC 
ADMINISTRATION  0.632 0.663 0.617 0.634 0.668 0.697 

    TOTAL GOVERNMENT  1.446 1.856 1.452 1.573 1.733 1.968 

      FEDERAL CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT  0.061 0.081 0.067 0.065 0.063 0.061 

      FEDERAL MILITARY 0.15 0.109 0.098 0.094 0.092 0.093 

      STATE and LOCAL GOVERNMENT  1.235 1.666 1.287 1.414 1.578 1.814 

Source: Woods & Poole Economics 1999 

 

Table VI-10

Employment
Russell County
By
Employment Sector
1990 - 2020
1990 | _2000| 2005 | 2010 | _2015 | _2020
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT 30.02 | 12.152 | 11.673 | 10.593 | 11.332 | 12.331,
FARM. 1431| 1361] 1.04] 0.905) 0.886 | 0.906
NON-FARM 8.589 | 10.791] 10.633| 9.688] 10.446) 11.425
PRIVATE NON-FARM 7.143} 8935| 9.181| 8115) 8713| 9.457
FORESTRY, FISHING, RELATED ACTIVITIES and
OTHER 0.038 | 0.088] 0.078] 0.074] 0.072) 0.075
MINING 0.348 | 0365] 0.434| 0415] 0.416) 0.424
umiuies: 0.047 | 0.027] 0.022] 0.027] 0.025) 0.024
CONSTRUCTION 1.032] 1.024| 0.828| 0.811| 0.842
MANUFACTURING 1342| 1903] 1435| 0495) 0495] 0.53
WHOLESALE TRADE 0.297| 0.253] 0.211] 0205] 0.233) 0.262
RETAIL TRADE a1o7| 1.246] 1332] 1.299) 1438) 157
TRANSPORTATION and WAREHOUSING 0.497| 0.455] 0.46] 0.393] 0.396) 0.403
INFORMATION 0081} 11] 0565) 0416] 0.397) 0.415
FINANCE and INSURANCE 0.211! 0.29] 0313] 0395] 0461) 0.513
REAL ESTATE and RENTAL and LEASE 0121) 0.168] 0.223) 0219] 0.241) 0.261
PROFESSIONAL and TECHNICAL SERVICES 0.267! 034] 0309] 049] 0618) 0.724
MANAGEMENT of COMPANIES and
ENTERPRISES 0.17| 0.192] 0.071) 0.049] 0.054) 0.06
ADMINISTRATIVE and WASTE SERVICES 0.223| 0301] 0554] 0358] 0.416) 0.499
EDUCATIONAL SERVICES oos4| 0117] 0144) 0.175] 0.181 02
HEALTH CARE and SOCIAL ASSISTANCE 0529| 0599] 0604] 089] 1019) 1.146
ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, and RECREATION. 0.174) 0.202] 0.168] 0.179] 0.159) 0.165
ACCOMMODATION and FOOD SERVICES 0525| 0584] 0577| 0574] 0.613| 0.647
OTHER SERVICES, EXCEPT PUBLIC
‘ADMINISTRATION 0.632| 0.663] 0617| 0634] 0.668) 0.697
TOTAL GOVERNMENT 1446 | 1956] 1452] 1573) 1.733| 1.968
FEDERAL CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT 0.061 | 0.081] 0.067| 0.065] 0.063) 0.061
FEDERAL MILITARY 0.15 | 0.109] 0.098) 0.094] 0.092) 0.093
STATE and LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 1235 | 1666] 1.287| 1414| 1578] 1.814

Source: Woods & Poole Economics 1999

via





VI-14 
 

 

I. Agriculture 

 According to the 2010 census 905 people or 9 percent of the labor force was employment 

in agricultural production, a decrease from 1,361 in 2000 and 1,431 in 1990. Although the 

number of people employed in agriculture has declined since 1990, it is projected to remain 

relatively stable in the future. In 2007, 151,564 acres of land was devoted to farms from which 

$20.7 million in farm products were sold. Table VI-11 provides comparative data from 1998 to 

2007 census of Agriculture. 

 The average market value of products sold per farm increased by 31.43 percent between 

1997 to 2007, an increase that far outpaced the inflation rate for the period. The number of farms 

declined from 1,203 in 1997 to 1,019 in 2007, however, the average farm size increased by 17.32 

percent. 

 

 

1. Agriculture

According to the 2010 census 905 people or 9 percent of the labor force was employment
in agricultural production, a decrease from 1,361 in 2000 and 1,431 in 1990. Although the
number of people employed in agriculture has declined since 1990, it is projected to remain
relatively stable in the future. In 2007, 151,564 acres of land was devoted to farms from which
$20.7 million in farm products were sold. Table VI-I1 provides comparative data from 1998 to
2007 census of Agriculture.

‘The average market value of products sold per farm increased by 31.43 percent between
1997 to 2007, an increase that far outpaced the inflation rate for the period. The number of farms
declined from 1,203 in 1997 to 1,019 in 2007, however, the average farm size increased by 17.32

percent.

via




VI-15 
 

Table VI-11 
Agricultural Base Data 

Russell County 
1997 and 2007 

Base Data 1997 2007 % Change 

Total Land in Farms (Acres) 153,111  151,564  -1.01% 

Number of Farms 1,203  1,019  -15.30% 

Average Farm size (Acres) 127 149 17.32% 

Total Market Value of Products Sold 18.6M 20.7M 11.30% 

Average Per Farm $15,461.00  $20,321.00  31.43% 

    Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Census of Agriculture 1997-2007 

 

J.  Manufacturing 

 Russell County’s manufacturing base has dramatically declined since the third quarter of 

2003. Manufacturing employment peaked at 1,557 persons in 2003, declined to 509 in 2009, a 

decrease of 67.31 percent. Analysis of this sector of the economy suggest that manufacturing has 

served as the pivotal factor in the economic development of Russell County. According to a 

Labor Market Study prepared for the Virginia Coalfield Coalition approximately 10 percent of 

the workforce in Russell County possess skills that are essential to manufacturing. Therefore, the 

County’s Industrial Development Authority should concentrate on manufacturing industries that 

use these skill sets. 

Table VI-12 

Manufacturing Jobs 

Russell County 

2003-2009 

Job Category 
3rd Qtr. 

2003 
3rd Qtr. 

2006 
3rd Qtr. 

2009 
Percent Change 

2003-2009 

Manufacturing 1,557 1,088 509 -67.31% 

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010 
    

 

Table Vi-11
Agricultural Base Data

Russell County
1997 and 2007

Base Data 1997 2007 % Change
Total Land in Farms (Acres) 153,111 151,564 -1.01%
Number of Farms 1,203 1,019 -15.30%
Average Farm size (Acres) 127 149 17.32%
Total Market Value of Products Sold 18.6M 20.7M 11.30%
Average Per Farm $15,461.00 | $20,321.00 31.43%

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Census of Agriculture 1997-2007

J. Manufacturing

Russell County’s manufacturing base has dramatically declined since the third quarter of
2003. Manufacturing employment peaked at 1,557 persons in 2003, declined to 509 in 2009, a
decrease of 67.31 percent, Analysis of this sector of the economy suggest that manufacturing has
served as the pivotal factor in the economic development of Russell County. According to a
Labor Market Study prepared for the Virginia Coalfield Coalition approximately 10 percent of
the workforce in Russell County possess skills that are essential to manufacturing. Therefore, the
County's Industrial Development Authority should concentrate on manufacturing industries that
use these skill sets.

Table VI-12

Manufacturing Jobs
Russell County

2003-2009
3rdQtr. | 3rdatr. | 3rd Qtr. | Percent Change
Job Category 2003 2006 | 2009 2003-2009
Manufacturing 1,557 | _ 1,088 509 -67.31%

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010

vies




VI-16 
 

 

K.  Services 

 

 Employment in the services sector as shown in Table VI-13 has been uneven. Growth in 

education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and other service have grown quite 

dramatically, while public administration and financial activities have shown substantial decline. 

The term “service industry” is widely misused, with many people stereo-typing the industry as a 

low-paying dead-end. A close look at the component business contained within the service 

sectors reveal higher paying types: healthcare, consulting, engineering and accounting. These 

businesses require specialized job skills and pay above average wages. 

 

 

 

 

 

K. Services

Employment in the services sector as shown in Table VI-13 has been uneven, Growth in
education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and other service have grown quite
dramatically, while public administration and financial activities have shown substantial decline.
The term “service industry” is widely misused, with many people stereo-typing the industry as a
low-paying dead-end. A close look at the component business contained within the service
sectors reveal higher paying types: healthcare, consulting, engineering and accounting. These

businesses require specialized job skills and pay above average wages.

vi-16




VI-17 
 

 
 

Table VI-13 
Service and Manufacturing Employment 

Russell County 
BY Job Category 
2003,2006,2009 

Job Category 
3rd Qtr. 

2003 
3rd Qtr. 

2006 
3rd Qtr. 

2009 
Percent Change 

2003-2009 

Manufacturing 1,537 1,088 509 -67.31% 

Trade, Transportation and Utilities 1,464 1,429 1,356 -7.33% 

Financial Activities 353 276 300 -15.04% 

Professional and Business Services 479 381 467 -2.05% 

Education and Health Services 1,418 1,542 1,708 20.45% 

Leisure and Hospitality 361 437 475 31.58% 

Other Services 121 112 169 36.67% 

Public Administration 768 403 470 -38.80% 

Total 6,521 5,668 5,454 -19.00% 

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010 
    

 

L.  Retail Trade 

 A good indicator of the health of the local retail trade industry is the trend in taxable 

retail sales. Taxable retail sales data portray the size and volume of the retail industry and 

demonstrate how much revenue is being redistributed in the local economy through sales tax 

revenues. Taxable retail sales reflect the total taxable value of retail goods exchanged within a 

given area. 

 

 

 

 

Table VI-13

Service and Manufacturing Employment

Russell County

BY Job Category
2003,2006,2009

3rd Qtr. | 3rd Qtr. | 3rd Qtr. | Percent Change
Job Category 2003 2006 | 2009 2003-2009

Manufacturing 1,537 | 1,088 509 -67.31%
Trade, Transportation and Utilities 1,464| 1,429) 1,356 -7.33%
Financial Activities 353 276 300 -15.04%
Professional and Business Services 479 381 467 -2.05%
Education and Health Services 1418| 1,542) — 1,708 20.45%
Leisure and Hospitality 361 437 475 31.58%
Other Services qa. 112 169 36.67%
Public Administration 768 403 470 -38.80%
Total 6521| 5,668] 5,454 -19.00%

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010

L. Retail Trade

A good indicator of the health of the local retail trade industry is the trend in taxable
retail sales. Taxable retail sales data portray the size and volume of the retail industry and
demonstrate how much revenue is being redistributed in the local economy through sales tax

revenues. Taxable retail sales reflect the total taxable value of retail goods exchanged within a

given area,

viz





VI-18 
 

Table VI-14 
Taxable Sales 

Russell County and Virginia 
2005-2010 

Sale Category 
Russell Virginia 

2005 2010 
% 

Change 2005 2010 
% 

Change 

Total Retail Sales $132,085,662  $158,276,136  19.83% $77,290,441,767  $86,420,963,843  11.81% 

Total Retail  Sales Per 
Capita $4,574  $5,481  19.83% $9,660  $10,801  11.81% 

       Source: Virginia Department of Taxation 
     

 As shown in Table VI-14, Russell County’s retail sales increased by 19.83 percent 

between 2005 and 2010, compared to a 11.81 percent increase for the state. The rate of change in 

total retail sales per capita was also 19.83 percent. 

 

M.  Tourism 

 While much of the economy in Russell County has declined in employment, the tourism 

sector has grown. Between 2005 and 2010 employment in tourism grew by 7 percent. Table VI-

15 provides data on tourism expenditures, payroll, employment, state tax receipts and local tax 

receipts. 

 Russell County’s major tourist attractions include: the Clinch River (North America’s 

most bio-diverse river), the Pinnacles, Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area, the 

Channels, Transamerica Bike Trail, Heart of Appalachia Bike Trail, Old Courthouse, Clinch 

River Artisan Trail, The Crooked Road and Cleveland Barrens.  

Table Vi-14
Taxable Sales
Russell County and Virginia

2005-2010
Russell Virginia
Sale Category % %
2005 2010 Change 2005 2010 Change
Total Retail Sales $132,085,662 | $158,276,136 | 19.83% | $77,290,441,767 | $86,420,963,843 | 11.81%
Total Retail Sales Per
Capita $4,574 $5,481 _| 19.83% $9,660 $10,801 11.81%

Source: Virginia Department of Taxation

As shown in Table VI-14, Russell County’s retail sales increased by 19.83 percent
between 2005 and 2010, compared to a 11.81 percent increase for the state. The rate of change in

total retail sales per capita was also 19.83 percent.

Tourism
While much of the economy in Russell County has declined in employment, the tourism
sector has grown. Between 2005 and 2010 employment in tourism grew by 7 percent. Table VI-
15 provides data on tourism expenditures, payroll, employment, state tax receipts and local tax
receipts.
Russell County’s major tourist attractions include: the Clinch River (North America’s
most bio-diverse river), the Pinnacles, Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management Area, the
Channels, Transamerica Bike Trail, Heart of Appalachia Bike Trail, Old Courthouse, Clinch

River Artisan Trail, The Crooked Road and Cleveland Barrens.

vig





VI-19 
 

 Russell County has embraced tourism as an important component of the local economy 

and as the county continues to support this initiative and develop new attractions, the economic 

impacts should increase significantly. 

 

 

Table VI-15 
Tourism 

Russell County 
Travel Impacts 

2005-2010 
 

Travel Impacts 2005 2010 

Expenditures ($ Millions) 
8.39 10.77 

Payroll ($ Millions) 2.09 2.52 

Employment (Thousands) 0.13 0.14 

State Tax Receipts ($ Millions) 0.45 0.56 

Local Tax Receipts ($ Millions) 0.14 0.17 

   Source: Virginia Tourism Corporation 2010 
 Travel Economic Impact Model, Travel Industry Association of America 2010 

 

Russell County has embraced tourism as an important component of the local economy
and as the county continues to support this initiative and develop new attractions, the economic

impacts should increase significantly.

Table VI-15
Tourism
Russell County
Travel Impacts

2005-2010
Travel Impacts 2005 2010
Expenditures ( Millions) 3.39 1077
Payroll ($ Millions) 2.09 252
Employment (Thousands) 0.13 014
State Tax Receipts ($ Millions) 0.45 0.56
Local Tax Receipts ($ Millions) 0.14 0.17

Source: Virginia Tourism Corporation 2010
Travel Economic Impact Model, Travel Industry Association of America 2010

vig




VI-20 
 

 

 

 

N.  Commuting Pattern 

 

Table VI-16 

Commuting  to 

 
From Russell County 

 
Top 10 Places 

 
2000 

Jurisdiction Number Workers 
Washington Co, VA 1,067 
Tazewell Co., VA 854 

Wise Co., VA 590 

Bristol, VA  396 

Buchanan Co., VA 376 

Sullivan Co., TN 291 

Norton, VA  161 

Dickenson Co., VA 96 

Scott Co., VA 89 

Mercer Co., WV 51 

Total 3,986 
Source:  Virginia Employment Commission , 2010 

Table VI-16

‘Commuting to
From Russell County
Top 10 Places

2000
Jurisdiction Number Workers

Washington Co, VA_ 1,067
Tazewell Co., VA 854
Wise Co., VA 590
Bristol, VA 396
Buchanan Co., VA 376
Sullivan Co., TN 291
Norton, VA 161
Dickenson Co., VA 96
Scott Co., VA 89
Mercer Co., WV 51
Total 3,986
‘Source: Virginia Employment Commission , 2010

vi-20





VI-21 
 

 

 

Table VI-17 

Commuting From 

To Russell County 

Top 10 Places 

2000 

Jurisdiction Number Workers 
Tazewell Co., VA 563 

Washington Co., VA 482 

Wise Co., VA 387 

Buchanan Co., VA  352 

Dickenson Co., VA 227 

Scott Co., VA 93 

Sullivan Co., TN 49 

Smyth Co., VA 41 

Bristol, VA 17 

Bedford, Co., VA 12 

Total 2,223 
Source:  Virginia Employment Commission 2010 

 

 

Table VI-17
Commuting From
To Russell County

Top 10 Places

2000
Jurisdiction Number Workers

Tazewell Co., VA 563
Washington Co., VA. 482
Wise Co., VA 387
Buchanan Co., VA 352
Dickenson Co., VA 227
Scott Co., VA 93
Sullivan Co., TN 49
‘Smyth Co., VA 41
Bristol, VA 7
Bedford, Co., VA 12
Total 2,223

Source: Virginia Employment Commission 2010

Vi-21




VI-22 
 

 Tables VI-16 and VI-17 depict the number of workers commuting to or from Russell 

County to their places of employment according to data available in 2000.   Based on this 

information, approximately 50% of people employed in 2000 worked outside their county of 

residence.  In 2010 the data available thru the American Community survey indicates 

approximately 48.2% of workers worked outside their county of residence.  This small reduction 

probably reflects the reduction of job opportunities in the county and surrounding areas as a 

result of the Great Recession which started in 2008.    

 

O. Concluding Remarks 

  

 The economic analysis as set forth in this section of the Comprehensive Plan is only a 

first step toward the alleviation of economic distress in the area. As demonstrated in the 

economic section of the report, the county is suffering from severe economic distress that 

demands the implementation of a flexible proactive strategy. Major declines in the County’s 

dominant industries have resulted in high unemployment rates and have seriously affected the 

area economy. 

 In spite of its problems, however, Russell county possesses potential for economic 

growth. The County has many of the institutions in place (educational, health care, 

transportation, telecommunication) that are necessary to plan and successfully stimulate 

economic growth. 

 Because of this potential, it is hoped that the County’s economy will make rapid and 

substantial progress. That process must be structured so that the lead agency, the Russell County 

Industrial Development Authority, is fully supported by all local private and public sector groups 

Tables VI-16 and VI-17 depict the number of workers commuting to or from Russell
County to their places of employment according to data available in 2000. Based on this
information, approximately 50% of people employed in 2000 worked outside their county of
residence. In 2010 the data available thru the American Community survey indicates
approximately 48.2% of workers worked outside their county of residence. This small reduction
probably reflects the reduction of job opportunities in the county and surrounding areas as a

result of the Great Recession which started in 2008.

O. Concluding Remarks

The economic analysis as set forth in this section of the Comprehensive Plan is only a
first step toward the alleviation of economic distress in the area, As demonstrated in the
economic section of the report, the county is suffering from severe economic distress that
demands the implementation of a flexible proactive strategy. Major declines in the County's
dominant industries have resulted in high unemployment rates and have seriously affected the
area economy.

In spite of its problems, however, Russell county possesses potential for economic
growth. The County has many of the institutions in place (educational, health care,
transportation, telecommunication) that are necessary to plan and successfully stimulate
economic growth.

Because of this potential, it is hoped that the County’s economy will make rapid and
substantial progress. That process must be structured so that the lead agency, the Russell County

Industrial Development Authority, is fully supported by all local private and public sector groups

vi-22




VI-23 
 

engaged in economic development activities. If all of these groups work aggressively and 

cooperatively on improving the County’s economy, good things should happen, in the near 

future, most certainly in the long term. 

 

engaged in economic development activities. If all of these groups work aggressively and
cooperatively on improving the County’s economy, good things should happen, in the near

future, most certainly in the long term.

Vi-23




VII - 1

CHAPTER VII

EXISTING LAND USE

The existing use of land in Russell County is important to analyze in order to determine if

problems are being created which will have a negative impact on the ability of the County to provide

adequate services to the residents in the future.  The current comprehensive plan doesn’t have a

quantified land-use analysis.  The Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission did an analysis

in 1975 which is included for information.   The land use information from the agricultural census

(1940-2002) is also reported as information.  The methodologies used in 1975 and in 2009 to

quantify the uses of land are significantly different and to extrapolate any major conclusions from

the comparison would not be fair to either study.

The 1975 land-use analysis was the first of its kind for Russell County.  It was not a stand

alone study, but part of a regional comprehensive plan that was used to form the basic building block

for other regional studies.  Those regional studies conducted in the 70's have led to funding for Water

and Sewer improvements, Solid Waste collection and disposal, Housing improvements, Public

Safety improvements, Mental and Physical Health improvements and to the creation of job

opportunities via a diversified job market.  

The 2009 study was initiated in January 2009 by the Russell County Planning Commission

subsequent to the procurement of a consultant in the fall of 2008.  The consultant contracted with

the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission to assist with the Land Use Analysis.  The

information produced from that collaboration has been digitized and will be available in an

electronic format for as long as it is needed by the County or its agencies to assist in the daily

decision making for the future development of the County.

CHAPTER VIL
EXISTING LAND USE

The existing use of land in Russell County is important to analyze in order to determine if
problems are being created which will have a negative impact on the ability of the County to provide
adequate services to the residents in the future. The current comprehensive plan doesn’t have a
quantified land-use analysis. The Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission did an analysis
in 1975 which is included for information. The land use information from the agricultural census
(1940-2002) is also reported as information. The methodologies used in 1975 and in 2009 to
quantify the uses of land are significantly different and to extrapolate any major conclusions from
the comparison would not be fair to either study.

The 1975 land-use analysis was the first of its kind for Russell County. It was not a stand
alone study, but part ofa regional comprehensive plan that was used to form the basic building block
for other regional studies. Those regional studies conducted in the 70's have led to funding for Water
and Sewer improvements, Solid Waste collection and disposal, Housing improvements, Public
Safety improvements, Mental and Physical Health improvements and to the creation of job
opportunities via a diversified job market.

The 2009 study was initiated in January 2009 by the Russell County Planning Commission
subsequent to the procurement of a consultant in the fall of 2008. ‘The consultant contracted with
the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission to assist with the Land Use Analysis. The
information produced from that collaboration has been digitized and will be available in an
electronic format for as long as it is needed by the County or its agencies to assist in the daily

decision making for the future development of the County.

Vu-1




VII - 2

A. Methodology

The data for this land-use analysis was obtained by conducting a windshield survey of the

structures in Russell County intended for human habitation.  The purpose of the survey was to verify

the use of the structure (Residential, Manufactured Home, Multifamily, Commercial, 

Table VII - 1
EXISTING LAND-USE

RUSSELL COUNTY, VIRGINIA
BY 

LAND-USE CATEGORY
BY ACRE

2009

CATEGORIES ACREAGE % TOTAL AREA

Residential 15,411 5.01

Manufactured Home Parks 336 .11

Commercial 821 .27

Industrial 4,124 1.35

Agricultural 97,286 31.87

Forested Lands 170,104 55.72

Public/Semi-Public 9,574 3.14

Other: Waterways; Public
Streets and Roads

7,624 2.50

TOTAL 305,280 100.00

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission & Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

Industrial, Public/Semi Public, etc.) and to determine the condition of the structure.  The analysis

also involved determining how much land was being devoted to a particular use.  For example, some

residential structures are sited on a parcel an acre in size.  In that case an acre was allocated as the

A. Methodology

The data for this land-use analysis was obtained by conducting a windshield survey of the
structures in Russell County intended for human habitation, The purpose of the survey was to verify

the use of the structure (Residential, Manufactured Home, Multifamily, Commercial,

Table VII -1
EXISTING LAND-USE
RUSSELL COUNTY, VIRGINIA

BY
LAND-USE CATEGORY
BY ACRE
2009
CATEGORIES, ACREAGE % TOTAL AREA

Residential 15,411 5.01
Manufactured Home Parks 336 al
Commer 821 27
Industrial 4,124 1.35
Agricultural 97,286 31.87
Forested Lands 170,104 55.72
Public/Semi-Public 9,574 3.14
Other: Waterways; Public 7,624 2.50
Streets and Roads
TOTAL 305,280 100.00

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission & Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

Industrial, Public/Semi Public, ete.) and to determine the condition of the structure. The analysis
also involved determining how much land was being devoted to a particular use. For example, some

residential structures are sited on a parcel an acre in size. In that case an acre was allocated as the

vul-2




VII - 3

amount of land being used for a residential purpose.  In other instances a residential structure may

be sited on a 200 acre farm in which case ½ acre was approximated as the amount being used for

residential purposes.  Because the property data (boundary lines) was available as the survey was

being conducted,  the same rationale was utilized to establish land being used for commercial, and

public/semi-public uses.  

The use of land for industrial purposes presented a challenge during the survey because of

the acreage being utilized for mining as well as for natural gas wells.  The acreage presented in  table

VII - 1 for industrial use is the acreage in the established industrial parks used for industrial purposes

(some acreage in the industrial parks is used for commercial purposes).  Also included is acreage

from individual sites in the county being used for industrial purposes.  The portion of property where

intensive mining is occurring is the acreage quantified as industrial.  Approximately ½ acre was

allotted for each gas well on property which had an active gas well lease.  The remainder of the

property which was under ownership for aggregate mining, coal mining or gas wells was classified

as agriculture (pasture land/or forest if wooded).

Junk yards being operated as a commercial venture were not classified as commercial but the

acreage identified in junk yards were places with inoperable vehicles (cars, trucks, tractors,

machinery, mobile homes and miscellaneous).
 

amount of land being used for a residential purpose. In other instances a residential structure may
be sited on a 200 acre farm in which case ¥4 acre was approximated as the amount being used for
residential purposes. Because the property data (boundary lines) was available as the survey was
being conducted, the same rationale was utilized to establish land being used for commercial, and
public/semi-public uses.

The use of land for industrial purposes presented a challenge during the survey because of
the acreage being utilized for mining as well as for natural gas wells. The acreage presented in table
VII- | for industrial use is the acreage in the established industrial parks used for industrial purposes
(some acreage in the industrial parks is used for commercial purposes). Also included is acreage

from individual sites in the county being used for industrial purposes. The portion of property where

intensive mining is occurring is the acreage quantified as industrial. Approximately ¥3 acre was
allotted for each gas well on property which had an active gas well lease. The remainder of the
property which was under ownership for aggregate mining, coal mining or gas wells was classified
as agriculture (pasture land/or forest if wooded).

Junk yards being operated as a commercial venture were not classified as commercial but the

acreage identified in junk yards were places with inoperable vehicles (cars, trucks, tractors,

machinery, mobile homes and miscellaneous).





Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development
Plan Existing Landuse Map

1 inch = 3 miles

mmission

‘Goebur, Virginia





VII - 5

Table VII - 2
EXISTING LAND-USE

RUSSELL COUNTY, VIRGINIA
BY

ACRE
1975

CATEGORIES ACRES % OF TOTAL

Residential 4,000 1.30

Commercial 150 .05

Industrial 320 .10

Public/Semi-Public 6,200 2.00

Incorporated Areas
(Towns)

2,320 .80

Agricultural & Forestry 296,130
(292.189)*

95.7

TOTAL 309,120
(305,280)*

100%

 Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission 1975
*Corrected to comply with the 2000 U.S. Census

It is important to understand that the information presented in this plan is summary data.  The

detail that is available to the planning commission and the Board of Supervisors contains the

condition of the structures at the time of the survey.  For example the commercial acreage contains

20 acres of deteriorated structures, 8 acres with dilapidated structures and 32 acres with vacant

structures.

The residential classification contains 2,250 acres of deteriorated structures, 269 acres with

dilapidated structures, 58 acres with multifamily structures and over 4,000 acres that have been

platted for residential development but are vacant.

Table VII -2
EXISTING LAND-USE
RUSSELL COUNTY, VIRGINIA.

BY
ACRE
1975
CATEGORIES ACRES % OF TOTAL
Residential 4,000 1.30
Commerei 150 05
Industrial 320 10
Public/Semi-Publie 6,200 2.00
Incorporated Areas 2,320 80
(Towns)
Agricultural & Forestry 296,130 95.7
(292.189)*
TOTAL 309,120 100%
(305,280)*

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission 1975
*Corrected to comply with the 2000 U.S. Census

Itis important to understand that the information presented in this plan is summary data. The

detail that is available to the planning commission and the Board of Supervisors contains the

condition of the structures at the time of the survey. For example the commercial acreage contains

20 acres of deteriorated structures, 8 acres with dilapidated structures and 32 acres with vacant

structures.

The residential classification contains 2,250 acres of deteriorated structures, 269 acres with

dilapidated structures, 58 acres with multifamily structures and over 4,000 acres that have been.

platted for residential development but are vacant.

vu-5




VII - 6

Table VII - 3
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE

RUSSELL COUNTY, VA
BY

NUMBER, FARM, ACREAGE AND CATEGORY
1940-2002

YEAR # FARMS ACREAGE CROPLAND WOODLAND

1940 2,840 257,001 114,542 N/A

1945 2,712 285,356 204,544 61,731

1950 2,734 267,618 187,056 72,669

1954 2,355 254,234 178,494 69,521

1959 1,722 236,854 164,404 66,687

1964 1,750 199,735 107,026 N/A

1969 1,427 193,175 114,366 45,325

1974 1,228 179,289 108,740 N/A

1978 1,177 178,307 120,774 49,793

1982 1,283 184,321 124,450 50,607

1987 1,134 167,959 113,707 48,543

1992 1,103 160,973 105,526 50,437

1997 1,203 162,746 112,334 45,768

2002 1,128 168,903 124,025 41,615

Source: Russell County-2002 U.S. Census of Agriculture; Virginia Agricultural Statistics Service  2004

The category called other contains the acreage that has been identified by the census as water-

ways (1,280 acres).  The category also contains the acreage in the rights-of-way  for state maintained

roads and streets.  

B. Agricultural Land-Use

The census of agriculture from 1940 to 2002 is included in this analysis of land-use in

Table VII - 3
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE,
RUSSELL COUNTY, VA

NUMBER, FARM, ACREAGE AND CATEGORY
1940-2002
YEAR # FARMS ACREAGE | CROPLAND | WOODLAND

1940 2,840 257,001 114,542 N/A

1945, 2,712 285,356 204,544 61,731
1950 2,734 267,618 187,056 72,669
1954 2,355 254,234 178,494 69,521
1959 1,722 236,854 164,404 66,687
1964 1,750 199,735 107,026 N/A

1969 1,427 193,175 114,366 45,325
1974 1,228 179,289 108,740 N/A

1978 1,177 178,307 120,774 49,793
1982 1,283 184,321 124,450 50,607
1987 1,134 167,959 113,707 48,543
1992 1,103 160,973 105,526 50,437
1997 1,203 162,746 112,334 45,768
2002 1,128 168,903 124,025 41,615

Source: Russell County-2002 U.S. Census of Agriculture; Virginia Agricultural Statistics Service 2004

The category called other contains the acreage that has been identified by the census as water-

ways (1,280 acres), The category also contains the acreage in the rights-of-way for state maintained

roads and streets.

B. Agricultural Land-Use

The census of agriculture from 1940 to 2002 is included in this analysis of land-use in

VI-6




VII - 7

Russell County to determine if the County has an existing or future need to enact programs to

enhance this very important segment of the Russell County economy.

The reader is cautioned to not draw any but the most general of conclusions from this data.

The Department of Agriculture over the years has changed its methodology for collecting data

several times.  Most likely the changes in the amount and types of data collected during the (5 yr.)

Agricultural Census have been related to the needs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and not

the needs of the general population.

The most obvious change noted in the analysis of the data is that the number of farms has

significantly decreased and the total amount of acreage in farms has decreased approximately 34

percent.  

Table VII - 4
EXISTING LAND-USE

TOWN OF LEBANON, VIRGINIA
BY ACRE, BY CATEGORY

2009

CATEGORY ACRES %

Agriculture 796 30.00

Commercial 263 9.70

Forest 247 9.26

Industrial 88 3.30

Mobile Home Parks 17 .64

Public/Semi Public 203 7.61

Residential 776 29.10

Vacant 277 10.39

Total 2,667 100

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission; Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

Russell County to determine if the County has an existing or future need to enact programs to
enhance this very important segment of the Russell County economy.

The reader is cautioned to not draw any but the most general of conclusions from this data.
‘The Department of Agriculture over the years has changed its methodology for collecting data
several times. Most likely the changes in the amount and types of data collected during the (5 yr.)
Agricultural Census have been related to the needs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and not
the needs of the general population.

The most obvious change noted in the analysis of the data is that the number of farms has

significantly decreased and the total amount of acreage in farms has decreased approximately 34

percent.
Table VII -4
EXISTING LAND-USE
TOWN OF LEBANON, VIRGINIA
BY ACRE, BY CATEGORY
2009

CATEGORY ACRES %
Agriculture 796 30.00
Commercial 263 9.70
Forest 247 9.26
Industrial 88 3.30
Mobile Home Parks 17 64
Public/Semi Public 203 7.61
Residential 116 29.10
Vacant 277 10.39
Total 2,667 100

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission; Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

VU-7




x
Russell County, Virginia Comprehensive Development Plan Bee
Town of Lebanon - Existing Landuse Map

Cumberland Plateau AALAI><1AAl =

= Planning District Commission ENGINEERING, INC.
‘Lipa 2 enn st Fear commission ee Goeburn, Vigna





VII - 9

Table VII -5 
EXISTING LAND-USE

TOWN OF HONAKER, VIRGINIA
BY ACRE, BY CATEGORY

2009

CATEGORY ACRES %

Agriculture 360 35.60

Commercial 40 3.96

Forest 206 20.38

Industrial 7 .69

Junkyards 2 .20

Mobile Home Parks 42 4.2

Public/Semi Public 23 2.27

Residential 283 27.99

Vacant 48 4.74

Total 1,011 100

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission; Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

Table VII - 6
EXISTING LAND-USE

TOWN OF CLEVELAND, VIRGINIA
BY ACRE, BY CATEGORY

2009

CLASSIFICATION ACRES %

Commercial 2 3.13

Forest 11 17.19

Public/Semi Public 3 4.69

Residential 31 48.44

Vacant 17 26.56

Total 64 100

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission; Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

Table VII -5
EXISTING LAND-USE
TOWN OF HONAKER, VIRGINIA.
BY ACRE, BY CATEGORY

2009

CATEGORY ACRES %
Agriculture 360 35.60
Commercial 40 3.96
Forest 206 20,38
Industrial 7 69
Junkyards 2 20
Mobile Home Parks 42 4.2
Public/Semi Public 23 2.27
Residential 283 27.99
Vacant 48 4.74
Total 1,011 100

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission; Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

Table VII - 6
EXISTING LAND-USE
TOWN OF CLEVELAND, VIRGINIA
BY ACRE, BY CATEGORY

2009
CLASSIFICATION ACRES %
Commercial 2 3.13
Forest iW 17.19
Public/Semi Public 3 4.69
Residential 31 48.44
Vacant 17 26.56
Total 64 100

Source: Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission; Maxim Engineering, Inc. 2009

vu-9




Russell County, Virginia Comprehensive Development Plan Qe
Town of Honaker - Existing Landuse Map





Russell County, Virginia Development Comprehensive Plan
Town of Cleveland - Existing Landuse Map

Legend
erase
[oonmeraat
LoJrenn
pasa

[ seteraon Ntonal Foes
ewes

[i tice Hone Pax
Hn

[J rescove
Hiannane
ven





VII - 12

C. Timberland

You will see that the planning commission has separated forest land from agricultural in the

land-use table.  This represents the largest single use of land in Russell County (56 percent).  The

170,000 acres of timberland has been very important to the past development of the county and there

is ample evidence of its importance to the county’s future development.  Even though the forest has

changed because of insect, disease, fire, and harvesting, it continues to be very important to the

county’s economy.

Based on Virginia Division of Forest Data in 2007  $1.5 million was paid to Russell County

landowners for timber sold.  The VDF has other publications that describe how much  value is added

(14 to 44 times)  from the processing of our forest products. 

The forest land in the county has importance beyond its economic impact.  It has ecological

and social importance as well.  

Ecologically, woodlands help maintain good water quality, because they filter and trap

sediments.  They absorb pollutants from runoff overland and from subsurface flows.  The forest land

in the Clinch River drainage basin acts as a buffer for the river and its tributaries by preventing

excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, from entering and polluting the waterway.  

The woodland in the Clinch River drainage also provide’s food, shelter, nesting, and bedding

for an ecosystem that has been reported as ranking #1 in the world by the Nature Conservancy.

Cc. Timberland

You will see that the planning commission has separated forest land from agricultural in the
land-use table. This represents the largest single use of land in Russell County (56 percent), The
170,000 acres of timberland has been very important to the past development of the county and there
is ample evidence of its importance to the county’s future development. Even though the forest has
changed because of insect, disease, fire, and harvesting, it continues to be very important to the
county’s economy.

Based on Virginia Division of Forest Data in 2007 $1.5 million was paid to Russell County
landowners for timber sold. The VDF has other publications that describe how much value is added
(14 to 44 times) from the processing of our forest products.

The forest land in the county has importance beyond its economic impact. It has ecological
and social importance as well.

Ecologically, woodlands help maintain good water quality, because they filter and trap
sediments. They absorb pollutants from runoff overland and from subsurface flows. The forest land
in the Clinch River drainage basin acts as a buffer for the river and its tributaries by preventing
excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous, from entering and polluting the waterway.

The woodland in the Clinch River drainage also provide’s food, shelter, nesting, and bedding

for an ecosystem that has been reported as ranking #1 in the world by the Nature Conservancy.

VIl- 12




VII - 13

D. Land Management Strategies

Russell County currently has four (4) land management strategies in effect.  The County

Subdivision Ordinance, the County Sign Ordinance, the County Special Assessment Ordinance, and

the County Floodplain Ordinance.  

The County Subdivision Ordinance addresses the platting of lots, the extension of water and

sewer services, the layout and building of public streets.  The planning commission recommended

and the Board of Supervisors adopted changes to the ordinance in 2005 to make the ordinance

consistent with the requirements instituted by the Virginia Department of Transportation relative to

the minimum design standards for street acceptance for state maintenance.

The County adopted a Special Assessment ordinance in 1979.  This ordinance allows the

county to assess taxes on Agricultural, Horticultural, and Forest land based on its use value as

opposed to its fair market value.  This strategy is intended to reduce the pressure on the owner of

farmland to divide and sell their land at its fair market value.  It is a farmland preservation strategy

that has a rollback provision (to repay the taxes forgiven) for those in the program who decide to

change the use of the land in question.  

The County adopted a sign ordinance in 2001 to control the placement and size of signs to

more effectively present an aesthetically pleasing landscape to the traveling public.  

In order to qualify county citizens that want to participate in the National Flood insurance

program, the County had to adopt a flood plain ordinance.  The ordinance (adopted in 1980) controls

the development of land in the flood prone areas of the county. It serves four (4) main purposes; to

regulate uses, activities and development which could cause and increase the frequency and intensity

D. _ Land Management Strategies

Russell County currently has four (4) land management strategies in effect. The County
Subdivision Ordinance, the County Sign Ordinance, the County Special Assessment Ordinance, and
the County Floodplain Ordinance.

The County Subdivision Ordinance addresses the platting of lots, the extension of water and
sewer services, the layout and building of public streets. The planning commission recommended
and the Board of Supervisors adopted changes to the ordinance in 2005 to make the ordinance
consistent with the requirements instituted by the Virginia Department of Transportation relative to
the minimum design standards for street acceptance for state maintenance

‘The County adopted a Special Assessment ordinance in 1979. ‘This ordinance allows the
county to assess taxes on Agricultural, Horticultural, and Forest land based on its use value as

opposed to its fair market value. Thi

strategy is intended to reduce the pressure on the owner of
farmland to divide and sell their land at its fair market value. It is a farmland preservation strategy
that has a rollback provision (to repay the taxes forgiven) for those in the program who decide to
change the use of the land in question.

‘The County adopted a sign ordinance in 2001 to control the placement and size of signs to
more effectively present an aesthetically pleasing landscape to the traveling public.

In order to qualify county citizens that want to participate in the National Flood insurance
program, the County had to adopt a flood plain ordinance. The ordinance (adopted in 1980) controls
the development of land in the flood prone areas of the county. It serves four (4) main purposes; to

regulate uses, activities and development which could cause and increase the frequency and intensity

VIL- 13




VII - 14

 of flooding; restrict or prohibit certain uses, activities, and development in flood prone areas; require

flood prone areas to be given some protection; and to protect the public from  buying land and/or

structures in lands deemed to be unsuitable for certain types of development.

E. Physical Constraints to Development

The survey of the existing uses of land in the county shows that the more intensive uses of

land is occurring around the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker, and Cleveland.  The trend for intensive

uses includes the communities of Castlewood, Rosedale, Belfast and Swords Creek.  The

communities of Dante, Carbo and Finney appear to be transitioning towards lowering their density

as the growth in other sections of the county intensifies.

The infrastructure improvements that have been constructed recently and those that have been

approved for construction could easily alter this trend over the next ten (10) years.

Slope Constraints

More than 50% of the land in Russell County has a slope (20 feet of rise in elevation for each

100 feet of horizontal distance) of 20 percent or greater.  See Map 1.  A slope of 20 percent does not

preclude development but it adds special problems which should be addressed before the County

approves any subdivision of land for residential development in those areas: The cost of services

(streets, water, sewer, electric, telephone, storm drainage, etc.) are higher; the use of septic tanks

with drain fields are very dependent upon good soils; the cost of the standard municipal sewage

systems is prohibiting; erosion and sediment control during and after construction is more costly;

storm drainage management, which has not been regulated in the past but will be required in the

future is costly; the cost of improving collector roads to handle traffic generated by development is

another hidden cost that may be passed to local governments in the future; and finally the Virginia

of flooding; restrict or prohibit certain uses, activities, and development in flood prone areas; require
flood prone areas to be given some protection; and to protect the public from buying land and/or
structures in lands deemed to be unsuitable for certain types of development.
E. _ Physical Constraints to Development

The survey of the existing uses of land in the county shows that the more intensive uses of
land is occurring around the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker, and Cleveland. The trend for intensive
uses includes the communities of Castlewood, Rosedale, Belfast and Swords Creek. The
communities of Dante, Carbo and Finney appear to be transitioning towards lowering their density
as the growth in other sections of the county intensifies.

‘The infrastructure improvements that have been constructed recently and those that have been
approved for construction could easily alter this trend over the next ten (10) years.
Slope Constraints

More than 50% of the land in Russell County has a slope (20 feet of rise in elevation for each
100 feet of horizontal distance) of 20 percent or greater. See Map 1. A slope of 20 percent does not
preclude development but it adds special problems which should be addressed before the County
approves any subdivision of land for residential development in those areas: The cost of services
(streets, water, sewer, electric, telephone, storm drainage, etc.) are higher; the use of septic tanks
with drain fields are very dependent upon good soils; the cost of the standard municipal sewage
systems is prohibiting; erosion and sediment control during and after construction is more costly:
storm drainage management, which has not been regulated in the past but will be required in the
future is costly; the cost of improving collector roads to handle traffic generated by development is

another hidden cost that may be passed to local governments in the future; and finally the Virginia

VIl- 14




VII - 15

Department of Transportation will not accept for maintenance roads and streets with greater than a

10 percent grade.  

Watershed and Surface Water Constraints

The boundaries of watersheds or drainage basins are an important component of decision

making when approving or rejecting development plans.  Gravity flow is the cheapest way to

transport water or sewage.  Once a watershed is crossed it becomes necessary to provide treatment

within that watershed or to pump the effluent to the watershed with the treatment facilities.  The third

alternative is to dig a trench deep enough for gravity flow to occur.  Either of these alternatives are

costly and the third has the added dimension of safety.  

When it is clear that municipal sewage will not be provided in a watershed, densities of

development should be kept low enough for septic systems to be safely used for the long term.  

Flood Plain Constraints

Flooding poses a constraint to development to a small portion of the land in the County.  

The Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code restricts the building of structures for

residential use within the 100 year flood plain.  However, this does not prevent non-intensive uses

such as parking, recreation, and agriculture or the construction of structures not intended for human

habitation.  The planning commission should be cognizant of what is downstream from a proposed

development and require the developer to prepare a stormwater management plan.  

Department of Transportation will not accept for maintenance roads and streets with greater than a
10 percent grade.

Watershed and Surface Water Constraints

The boundaries of watersheds or drainage basins are an important component of decision
making when approving or rejecting development plans. Gravity flow is the cheapest way to
transport water or sewage. Once a watershed is crossed it becomes necessary to provide treatment
within that watershed orto pump the effluent to the watershed with the treatment facilities. The third
alternative is to dig a trench deep enough for gravity flow to occur. Either of these alternatives are
costly and the third has the added dimension of safety.

When it is clear that municipal sewage will not be provided in a watershed, densities of
development should be kept low enough for septic systems to be safely used for the long term.
Flood Plain Constraints

Flooding poses a constraint to development to a small portion of the land in the County.

The Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code restricts the building of structures for
residential use within the 100 year flood plain. However, this does not prevent non-intensive uses
such as parking, recreation, and agriculture or the construction of structures not intended for human
habitation. The planning commission should be cognizant of what is downstream from a proposed

development and require the developer to prepare a stormwater management plan.

VIL- 15




VII - 16

Karst Topography

The predominant feature of Karst landscapes is the absence of surface water flow.  The

rainfall and any surface water drainage observed disappears into a subsurface drainage system.  The

other features of Karst landscapes are the presence of sinkholes and caves.  One of the bedrock

formations in Karst areas is limestone which is very soluble and underlies much of the Valley portion

of Russell County (see map on page VII - 17).

A poor understanding of Karst terrain has led to land-use practices that pose significant

economic and environmental impacts to households and communities (Castlewood).  Sinkholes form

and sinkholes collapse which causes damage to any structure on or nearby when it happens.  In

addition, a sinkhole is an entry point for surface water to enter an underground aquifer.  Since this

is usually unfiltered surface water, the likelihood for pollution is extremely high and a concern.

Development in a Karst area should not be encouraged.

Karst Topography

The predominant feature of Karst landscapes is the absence of surface water flow. The
rainfall and any surface water drainage observed disappears into a subsurface drainage system. The
other features of Karst landscapes are the presence of sinkholes and caves. One of the bedrock
formations in Karst areas is limestone which is very soluble and underlies much of the Valley portion
of Russell County (see map on page VII - 17).

A poor understanding of Karst terrain has led to land-use practices that pose significant
economic and environmental impacts to households and communities (Castlewood). Sinkholes form
and sinkholes collapse which causes damage to any structure on or nearby when it happens. In
addition, a sinkhole is an entry point for surface water to enter an underground aquifer. Since this
is usually unfiltered surface water, the likelihood for pollution is extremely high and a concern.

Development in a Karst area should not be encouraged.

VIL- 16




Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development Plan
Karst Topography





VII - 18

F. Natural Resource Constraints

Coal Mining

A significant amount of land in Russell County is constrained from future development

because of being in the vicinity of coal mining operations.  The majority of the land north of the

Clinch River is permitted for the mining of coal and/or natural gas development.

If a rail line is not available on the mine site the mined coal must be hauled to a transfer point

for transportation out of the County.  The coal haul roads are equivalent to Industrial Access roads

and the traffic on them does not mix well with traffic from Commercial or residential developments

that have direct access to the coal haul road.

Natural Gas Development

The major constraint on development presented by the development of natural gas is having

roads with the capability to handle the heavy equipment necessary to drill, establish and service gas

wells.

Aggregate Mining

The area south of the Clinch River is an area that is underlain with geological formations

containing limestone which is being mined at five different locations in the County.  The biggest

constraints to development presented by the mining of limestone is dust, noise, and heavy trucks.

With the exception of the facility located in the northeast section of the County all the product

produced at these mines is moved to market by truck.

All of the operations except two have enough land to buffer themselves from encroachment

by incompatible land-uses.  All except one are located with access to a major collector road capable

of handling the heavy truck traffic generated by this activity.

FE. Natural Resource Constraints
Coal. 4

A significant amount of land in Russell County is constrained from future development
because of being in the vicinity of coal mining operations. The majority of the land north of the
Clinch River is permitted for the mining of coal and/or natural gas development.

Ifa rail line is not available on the mine site the mined coal must be hauled to a transfer point
for transportation out of the County. The coal haul roads are equivalent to Industrial Access roads
and the traffic on them does not mix well with traffic from Commercial or residential developments

that have direct ss to the coal haul road.

Natural Gas Development

The major constraint on development presented by the development of natural gas is having

roads with the capability to handle the heavy equipment necessary to drill, establish and service gas

wells.
Aggregate Mining

The area south of the Clinch River is an area that is underlain with geological formations
containing limestone which is being mined at five different locations in the County. ‘The biggest
constraints to development presented by the mining of limestone is dust, noise, and heavy trucks.
With the exception of the facility located in the northeast section of the County all the product
produced at these mines is moved to market by truck.

All of the operations except two have enough land to buffer themselves from encroachment
by incompatible land-uses. All except one are located with access to a major collector road capable

of handling the heavy truck traffic generated by this activity.

VIL- 18




VII - 19

Timber Harvesting

With slightly more than 170,000 acres of the land is Russell County being forested, it is a

primary concern from an economic, social, and ecological perspective as to what happens to that

resource.  Given the diverse range of flora and fauna in the Clinch River drainage basin the

management of this resource demands strict attention in that basin.

While not as sensitive from an ecological point of view best management practices in the

harvesting of timber in the remainder of the County should be acceptable.

imber Harvesting

With slightly more than 170,000 acres of the land is Russell County being forested, it is a
primary concer from an economic, social, and ecological perspective as to what happens to that
resource. Given the diverse range of flora and fauna in the Clinch River drainage basin the

management of this resource demands strict attention in that basin.

While not as sensitive from an ecological point of view best management practices in the

harvesting of timber in the remainder of the County should be acceptable.

VII- 19




VIII - 1

CHAPTER VIII   
 

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

A. Goals

In the previous chapter the Russell County Planning Commission inventoried and

familiarized themselves with the economic, physical, and social elements of Russell County.  In so

doing, the Commission became familiar with the locational features in the County which contribute

to its potential for growth and development.  The Commission was also enabled to identify the

barriers to growth, natural and manmade, which hinder the county from being able to achieve all that

it desires for its citizens.

The Commission discovered that others in the past have engaged in a process of “visioning”

in order to provide citizen advice to county leaders.  The conclusions from those efforts are included

in this plan as advice and guidance for future use by the county.  

Russell County Development Group

In 2007 a group called the Russell County Development Group, LLC was formed and tasked

to prepare an Action Plan primarily to prepare Russell County for the economic, physical, and social

impacts from two High-Technology firms (CGI & Northrup Grumman) locating in the Town of

Lebanon.  

The Group prepared a document called the Regional Preparedness Action Plan.  The plan

covers twenty-two (22) subject matters which are prioritized into 5 groupings.  

Tier 1 Priority-Taking Immediate Actionable Steps-Subjects related directly to the

implementation of the overall Plan and subjects that have the necessary resources most readily

available in order to implement individually:

CHAPTER VIII
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
A. Goals

In the previous chapter the Russell County Planning Commission inventoried and
familiarized themselves with the economic, physical, and social elements of Russell County. In so
doing, the Commission became familiar with the locational features in the County which contribute
to its potential for growth and development. The Commission was also enabled to identify the
barriers to growth, natural and manmade, which hinder the county from being able to achieve all that
it desires for its citizens.

‘The Commission discovered that others in the past have engaged in a process of “visioning”
in order to provide citizen advice to county leaders. The conclusions from those efforts are included
in this plan as advice and guidance for future use by the county.

Russell County Development Group

In 2007 a group called the Russell County Development Group, LLC was formed and tasked
to prepare an Action Plan primarily to prepare Russell County for the economic, physical, and social
impacts from two High-Technology firms (CGI & Northrup Grumman) locating in the Town of
Lebanon.

The Group prepared a document called the Regional Preparedness Action Plan, The plan
covers twenty-two (22) subject matters which are prioritized into 5 groupings,

Tier_1_Priority-Taking_Immediate_Actionable_Steps-Subjects related directly to the

implementation of the overall Plan and subjects that have the necessary resources most readily

available in order to implement individually:

VII-1




VIII - 2

Subject No.1:   Process (for implementing the Plan)

Subject No.2:   Geographic and Political Boundaries (mapping & data)

Subject No. 3:  Census Statistics (data)

Subject No. 5: Economic Impact Analysis (to assist the planning process)

Tier 2 Priority-Accommodating Urgent Growth Needs-Subjects related to urgent physical

shortages but need additional resources and/or longer-term planning and approvals. 

Subject No. 4: Citizen Participation (preparing for growth and change)

Subject No. 8: Land Use (effectively accommodating growth patterns)

Subject No. 12: Market Rate Housing (one new job=one new household)

Subject No. 13:  Child Care (providing choices)

Subject No. 20: Wellness, Fitness, & Recreation (amenities for well-being)

Tier 3 Priority-Facilitating Growth-Subjects related to on-going initiatives and improvements

to continue meeting growth needs and sustainability.

Subject No. 6: Information & Communications Technology (continuing the

momentum)

Subject No. 10: Main Street Initiatives (New Ruralism)

Subject No 14: Hotels & Lodging (space for travelers)

Subject No. 15: Health Care (increasing & improving levels of service and

accessibility)

Tier 4 Priority-Continuing to Meet Needs -Subjects related to more in-depth strategies and

heavily dependent upon prior Tier Groups.

Subject No. 17: Infrastructure (heavily reliant upon comprehensive planning)

Subject No.1:
Subject No.2:
Subject No. 3:

Subject No. 5:

Process (for implementing the Plan)
Geographic and Political Boundaries (mapping & data)
Census Statistics (data)

Economic Impact Analysis (to assist the planning process)

Tier 2 Priority-Accommodating Urgent Growth Needs-Subjects related to urgent physical

shortages but need additional resources and/or longer-term planning and approvals.

Subject No. 4:
Subject No. 8:

Subject No. 12:
Subject No. 13:

Subject No. 20:

Citizen Participation (preparing for growth and change)
Land Use (effectively accommodating growth patterns)
Market Rate Housing (one new job=one new household)
Child Care (providing choices)

Wellness, Fitness, & Recreation (amenities for well-being)

Tier 3 Priority-Facilitating Growth-Subjects related to on-going initiatives and improvements

to continue meeting growth needs and sustainability.

Subject No. 6:

Subject No. 10:
Subject No 14:

Subject No. 15:

Information & Communications Technology (continuing the
momentum)

Main Street Initiatives (New Ruralism)

Hotels & Lodging (space for travelers)

Health Care (increasing & improving levels of service and

accessibility)

Tier 4 Priority-Continuing to Meet Needs -Subjects related to more in-depth strategies and

heavily dependent upon prior Tier Groups.

Subject No. 17:

Infrastructure (heavily reliant upon comprehensive planning)

Vill -2




VIII - 3

Subject No. 18: Education (heavily reliant upon housing, planning, statistics)

Subject No. 19: Food & Beverage Establishments (heavily reliant upon Economic

Impact Analysis)

Tier 5 Priority-Transitioning to the 2027 Plan -Subjects related to long-term planning as the

economic, social, and physical environments change.

Subject No. 7: Finance & Enticements (identifying the funding sources)

Subject No. 9: Social Issues (old kids + new kids = us kids)

Subject No. 11: Transportation Issues (thoughtful planning)

Subject No. 16: Entertainment & Leisure (things to do, places to see)

Subject No. 21: New Business Development (recruitment & Economic Gardening)

Subject No. 22: Branding (telling the story)

Russell County Library Board

The Russell County Library has sponsored a visioning process for several years to obtain

information to be included in the Library Boards Strategic Plan for current and future programs.  The

following Goals and Objectives are from that Plan:

Community Vision 2008

1. Seniors will have stimulating activities.

2. Seniors will have appropriate housing, transportation, recreation, and health care.

3. Low income families will have access to diverse activities at low/no cost.

4. Low motivated students have alternatives to ensure they complete school.  (All students are

motivated to learn.)

5. Preschool children will have diverse and stimulating activities.

Subject No. 18: Education (heavily reliant upon housing, planning, statistics)

Subject No. 19:

Food & Beverage Establishments (heavily reliant upon Economic
Impact Analysis)

Tier 5 Priority-Transitioning to the 2027 Plan -Subjects related to long-term planning as the

economic, social, and physical environments change.

Subject No. 7: Finance & Enticements (identifying the funding sources)
Subject No. 9: Social Issues (old kids + new kids = us kids)

Subject No. 11: Transportation Issues (thoughtful planning)

Subject No. 16: Entertainment & Leisure (things to do, places to see)

Subject No. 21: New Business Development (recruitment & Economic Gardening)
Subject No. 22: Branding (telling the story)

Russell County Library Board

The Russell County Library has sponsored a visioning process for several years to obtain

information to be included in the Library Boards Strategic Plan for current and future programs. The

following Goals and Objectives are from that Plan:

Community Vision 2008

1

2.

Seniors will have stimulating activities.

Seniors will have appropriate housing, transportation, recreation, and health care.

Low income families will have access to diverse activities at low/no cost.

Low motivated students have alternatives to ensure they complete school. (All students are
motivated to learn.)

Preschool children will have diverse and stimulating activities.

VIl-3




VIII - 4

6. Children will have adequate care available-preschool/after-school/summer [childcare!]

7. Children and teens will have opportunities for and access to the arts, culture, and our

heritage.

8. Children will be exposed to literature through programs like the Imagination Library.

9. All adults will have a variety of job opportunities (support for manufacturing, agriculture and

mining.)

10. All adults will have access to higher education.

11. All citizens will have fitness and recreation opportunities.

12. All citizens will appreciate our natural beauty by recycling, litter control, clean air and water.

13. All citizens will have multicultural activities to expand diversity.

14. All citizens will have outlets like restaurant/theaters/bowling alley for activity and

socialization.

15. All will have access to technology infrastructure.

The Russell County Planning Commission

The Planning Commission developed the following goals and objectives, as a guide for the

specific actions and strategies for the development of Russell County that will be discussed in the

next chapter of this Comprehensive Development Plan.

16. Provide a suitable living environment for the current and future residents of Russell County.

17. Encourage the wise use of the natural resources located in the County.

18. Encourage the wise use of agricultural lands for their local economic impact, attractive

landscape, and place in the county’s heritage.

10.

i.

12.

13.

14,

15.

Children will have adequate care available-preschool/after-school/summer [childcare!]
Children and teens will have opportunities for and access to the arts, culture, and our
heritage.

Children will be exposed to literature through programs like the Imagination Library.
Alladults will havea variety of job opportunities (support for manufacturing, agriculture and
mining.)

All adults will have access to higher education.

All citizens will have fitness and recreation opportunities.

Allcitizens will appreciate our natural beauty by recycling, litter control, clean air and water.
All citizens will have multicultural activities to expand diversity.

Al citizens will have outlets like restaurant/theaters/bowling alley for activity and
socialization.

All will have access to technology infrastructure.

The Russell County Planning Commission

The Planning Commission developed the following goals and objectives, as a guide for the

specific actions and strategies for the development of Russell County that will be discussed in the

next chapter of this Comprehensive Development Plan,

16.

17.

18,

Provide a suitable living environment for the current and future residents of Russell County.
Encourage the wise use of the natural resources located in the County.
Encourage the wise use of agricultural lands for their local economic impact, attractive

landscape, and place in the county’s heritage.

Vil -4




VIII - 5

19. Encourage the development of decent, safe, and sanitary housing that will meet current and

future demand.

20. Encourage the availability of housing to meet Russell County incomes, demographic

attributes and ages.

21. Provide for orderly development consistent with good land-use practices.

22. Encourage the general quality of life consistent with a diverse economic base with

opportunities for all residents.

23. Promote development that will recognize the beauty of the County’s natural areas and sustain

a balance between man-made and natural ecology.

B. Objectives

The objectives of the Russell County Comprehensive Development Plan are presented by

subject category.  Objectives are designed to be attainable.  There attainment will relate to the

fulfillment of a stated general goal.  The objectives listed below are not necessarily presented in the

order of their importance.

Agricultural and Natural Resource Objectives

Agriculture and coal have historically been the dominant factors determining settlement

patterns of the county.  These resources still play an important role in the economic and social

activity in the county.  Their impact is of lesser importance now than in the past.  However, the

importance of Russell County’s natural resources, agriculture, coal, timber, gas, water, wildlife,

limestone, and landscape cannot be overstated.

It is necessary to understand that the development of Natural Resources have been important

to the history of Russell County and they will be just as important to the county’s future.  

19. Encourage the development of decent, safe, and sanitary housing that will meet current and
future demand.

20. Encourage the availability of housing to meet Russell County incomes, demographic
attributes and ages.

21. Provide for orderly development consistent with good land-

ise practices.
22. Encourage the general quality of life consistent with a diverse economic base with
opportunities for all residents.
23. Promote development that will recognize the beauty of the County’s natural areas and sustain
a balance between man-made and natural ecology.
B. Objectives
The objectives of the Russell County Comprehensive Development Plan are presented by
subject category. Objectives are designed to be attainable. There attainment will relate to the
fulfillment ofa stated general goal. The objectives listed below are not necessarily presented in the
order of their importance.

Agricultural and Natural Resource Objectives

Agriculture and coal have historically been the dominant factors determining settlement
patterns of the county. These resources still play an important role in the economic and social
activity in the county. Their impact is of lesser importance now than in the past. However, the
importance of Russell County’s natural resources, agriculture, coal, timber, gas, water, wildlife,
limestone, and landscape cannot be overstated.

It is necessary to understand that the development of Natural Resources have been important

to the history of Russell County and they will be just as important to the county’ future.

VIl-5




VIII - 6

The Objectives for Agriculture and Natural Resources are:

• Protect productive agricultural land from encroachment by residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational developments.

• Encourage the development of residential, commercial, and industrial uses on marginal

agricultural lands.

• Encourage the use of best management practices that curtail soil erosion and protect surface

and ground water supplies.

• Encourage the establishment of programs that identify and preserve valuable agricultural

lands from alternative uses.

Commercial Objectives

The best description of commercial activity in Russell County would be that the market

responded to the demand.  Company stores with an inventory of general merchandise were located

adjacent to company mines.  General stores were also located within farming communities.  That

trend has changed somewhat. The community of Dante and the towns of Cleveland and Honaker all

experienced a decrease in commercial activity due to the loss of employment in company mines and

the growth of commercial activity in Lebanon and adjoining areas.

The commercial activity in the county with the exception of Lebanon appears to be

gravitating towards major highway intersections and along major throughfares.  Russell Counties

objectives for commercial development are:

• To encourage the development of commercial enterprises in the Towns and other places that

provide municipal water and sewer.

The Objectives for Agriculture and Natural Resources are:

+ Protect productive agricultural land from encroachment by residential, commercial,
industrial, and recreational developments.

+ Encourage the development of residential, commercial, and industrial uses on marginal
agricultural lands.

+ Encourage the use of best management practices that curtail soil erosion and protect surface
and ground water supplies.

+ Encourage the establishment of programs that identify and preserve valuable agricultural
lands from alternative uses.

Commercial Objectives

The best description of commercial activity in Russell County would be that the market
responded to the demand, Company stores with an inventory of general merchandise were located
adjacent to company mines. General stores were also located within farming communities. That
trend has changed somewhat. The community of Dante and the towns of Cleveland and Honaker all
experienced a decrease in commercial activity due to the loss of employment in company mines and
the growth of commercial activity in Lebanon and adjoining areas.

The commercial activity in the county with the exception of Lebanon appears to be
gravitating towards major highway intersections and along major throughfares. Russell Counties
objectives for commercial development are:

+ Toencourage the development of commercial enterprises in the Towns and other places that

provide municipal water and sewer.

VIIl-6




VIII - 7

• To encourage the development of commercial enterprises consistent with the counties natural

and man-made features.

• To encourage the development of commercial centers to meet the needs of existing and

future populations of the county and adjoining areas.

• To encourage the development of commercial enterprises in or adjacent to the areas which

they primarily serve.

• To work with the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker, and Cleveland encouraging them to

maximize their commercial potential.

• To encourage commercial developments with limited access to adjacent throughfares. 

Industrial Objectives

Manufacturing has been the single dominant source of employment in Russell County for the

past thirty years.  When you combine mining, construction, and public utilities with manufacturing

to create the industrial category, the impact is approximately 50 percent of the jobs in the County.

In order to maintain the broad employment base in the County, the Comprehensive Development

Plan emphasizes continued development of the industrial sector.  Russell County’s objectives for

industrial development are:

• To continue to diversify the industrial base of employment.  

• To identify lands for industrial development that will have a minimal adverse impact on

residential, agricultural, and natural resource development. 

• To protect existing and future industrial lands from non-industrial related activities. 

• To encourage the establishment of Industrial Parks with suitable infrastructure and adequate

services. 

+ Toencourage the development of commercial enterprises consistent with the counties natural
and man-made features.

+ To encourage the development of commercial centers to meet the needs of existing and
future populations of the county and adjoining areas.

+ To encourage the development of commercial enterprises in or adjacent to the areas which
they primarily serve.

+ To work with the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker, and Cleveland encouraging them to
maximize their commercial potential.

+ To encourage commercial developments with limited access to adjacent throughfares.

Manufacturing has been the single dominant source of employment in Russell County for the
past thirty years, When you combine mining, construction, and public utilities with manufacturing
to create the industrial category, the impact is approximately 50 percent of the jobs in the County.
In order to maintain the broad employment base in the County, the Comprehensive Development
Plan emphasizes continued development of the industrial sector. Russell County's objectives for
industrial development are:

+ To continue to diversify the industrial base of employment.

+ To identify lands for industrial development that will have a minimal adverse impact on

residential, agricultural, and natural resource development.

. To protect existing and future industrial lands from non-industrial related activities.
. To encourage the establishment of Industrial Parks with suitable infrastructure and adequate
services.

VIl-7




VIII - 8

• To encourage maintenance of Industrial Parks and sites that are attractive, safe, and

accessible. 

• To encourage working with neighboring jurisdictions to jointly develop industrial parks and

share in the tax receipts from industrial clients. 

Residential Objectives

In most counties residential development is the single most intensive use of developed land

in rural areas.  As family size decreases and the county becomes more prosperous, the demand for

land for residential use will surpass the demand for any other use.  The demand is relentless and

predictable.  The Russell County objectives for residential development are:

• To encourage the construction of energy efficient housing.  

• To encourage the construction of housing for the elderly.

• To encourage the construction of housing for middle income residents.

• To continue to address the need for housing with indoor plumbing.

• To encourage residential development in or near the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker, Cleveland

and St. Paul.

• To encourage residential development where water, sewer, roads are available. 

• To encourage multifamily developments where water, sewer, streets are available.

• To encourage developers to employ best management practices during and after construction.

• To encourage the recycling of mobile homes when being replaced by manufactured homes.

• To encourage the permanent placement of manufactured homes.

+ To encourage maintenance of Industrial Parks and sites that are attractive, safe, and
accessible.
+ Toencourage working with neighboring jurisdictions to jointly develop industrial parks and

share in the tax receipts from industrial clients.

Residential Objectives

In most counties residential development is the single most intensive use of developed land
in rural areas. As family size decreases and the county becomes more prosperous, the demand for
land for residential use will surpass the demand for any other use. ‘The demand is relentless and

predictable. The Russell County objectives for residential development are:

+ To encourage the construction of energy efficient housing.

+ To encourage the construction of housing for the elderly.

+ To encourage the construction of housing for middle income residents.

+ To continue to address the need for housing with indoor plumbing.

+ Toencourage residential development in or near the Towns of Lebanon, Honaker, Cleveland
and St. Paul.

+ To encourage residential development where water, sewer, roads are available.

+ To encourage multifamily developments where water, sewer, streets are available.

+ Toencourage developers to employ best management practices during and after construction.

+ To encourage the recycling of mobile homes when being replaced by manufactured homes.

+ To encourage the permanent placement of manufactured homes.

VII- 8




VIII - 9

• To encourage the development of mobile home parks that are serviced by public facilities

and that are maintained in a decent, safe, and sanitary manner.  

Community Facilities and Services Objectives

Both public and private sectors provide services to county residents that will be discussed

in this section of the plan.  Specifically, the subjects will include public water supply and

distribution, sewage systems, health facilities and services, social services, mental health facilities

and services, recreation facilities and services, fire, life saving, and police services, transportation

facility and services, telecommunication facilities and services and library facilities and services.

The relationships between these services are strong and definite even though they are discussed

separately in this document.  The intent is to efficiently and economically plan these activities to

maximize benefits for present and future residents at the safest and most convenient locations.

Russell County’s objectives for community facilities and services are:

• To encourage the provision of essential services and facilities (water, sewer, fire, life saving,

etc.) in the approval of commercial, residential, and recreational developments.

• To require the provision of vital services such as water, sewer, telecommunication and other

utilities be incorporated into plans for industrial developments.

• To encourage the location of public facilities that serve large populations, such as hospitals,

schools, libraries, health clinics, solid waste convenience stations, near the intersection of

major highways. 

• To encourage the location of compatible community services such as libraries, fire and life

saving, and other governmental services into a cluster.

+ To encourage the development of mobile home parks that are serviced by public facilities

and that are maintained in a decent, safe, and sanitary manner.

Commu:

ty Facilities and Services Objectives

Both public and private sectors provide services to county residents that will be discussed

in this section of the plan, Specifically, the subjects will include public water supply and

distribution, sewage systems, health facilities and services, social services, mental health facilities

and services, recreation facilities and services, fire, life saving, and police services, transportation

facility and services, telecommunication facilities and services and library facilities and services.

The relationships between these services are strong and definite even though they are discussed

separately in this document. The intent is to efficiently and economically plan these activities to

maximize benefits for present and future residents at the safest and most convenient locations.

Russell County’s objectives for community facilities and services are:

+ Toencourage the provision of essential services and facilities (water, sewer, fire, life saving,
etc.) in the approval of commercial, residential, and recreational developments.

+ Torequire the provision of vital services such as water, sewer, telecommunication and other
utilities be incorporated into plans for industrial developments.

+ To encourage the location of public facilities that serve large populations, such as hospitals,
schools, libraries, health clinics, solid waste convenience stations, near the intersection of

major highways.

+ To encourage the location of compatible community services such as libraries, fire and life

saving, and other governmental services into a cluster.

VIl-9




VIII - 10

• To acquire sites for planned facilities in advance of need.

By subject area the Plan sets the following objectives:

 Education Facilities and Services Objectives

• Long term educational facility planning should include members of the Town Councils as

well as representatives from adjoining counties.

• Planning for the short-term should include representatives from Russell County business and

industry.

• The school system should continue to support a comprehensive program to reduce the

number of people in the workforce without a high school diploma.

Fire, Life Saving and Police Protection Objectives

• Fire, life saving, and police protection is an essential public service that needs to be

emphasized especially in the areas of the county with more dense populations.

• These essential public services must be recognized with the financial support and leadership

they require.

Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Objectives

• The county should continue its policy of seeking the most economical and reliable means of

providing this service to its citizens.

• The county should expand its litter control programs to include abandoned cars and mobile

homes.  

• Resource recovery and other alternative uses of solid waste should be studied and programs

implemented where determined to be economically and socially feasible. 

+ To acquire sites for planned facilities in advance of need.
By subject area the Plan sets the following objectives:

Education Facilities and Services Objectives

+ Long term educational facility planning should include members of the Town Councils as

well as representatives from adjoining counties.

+ Planning for the short-term should include representatives from Russell County business and
industry.
+ The school system should continue to support a comprehensive program to reduce the

number of people in the workforce without a high school diploma.

Fire, Life Saving and Police Protection Objectives

+ Fire, life saving, and police protection is an essential public service that needs to be
emphasized especially in the areas of the county with more dense populations.

+ These essential public services must be recognized with the financial support and leadership
they require.

Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Objectives

+ The county should continue its policy of seeking the most economical and reliable means of

providing this service to its citizens.

+ The county should expand its litter control programs to include abandoned cars and mobile
homes
+ Resource recovery and other alternative uses of solid waste should be studied and programs

implemented where determined to be economically and socially feasible.

VIIL- 10




VIII - 11

Public Water and Sewer Objectives

• The county should continue to pursue the consolidation of these services into a single entity

so that everyone in the county pays the same rate for the service received.

• The county should continue to work with adjoining jurisdictions to obtain potable water at

the most feasible price for its citizens.

• The county should continue to implement the most economical alternatives for the provision

of water and sewer services as recommended in the 604 (b) study.

• The county should restudy the recommendations for the provision of sewer services in the

604 (b) study and the Southwestern Virginia Regional Sewer study to determine if alternative

methods of sewage collection and treatment are more economically feasible.

Transportation Objectives

Transportation planning is vital to any community and should be an integral part of

countrywide comprehensive planning.  The transportation system should seek to safely and

efficiently move people and goods within and through the county.  The county also needs to address

the need to provide safe and convenient access to specific neighborhoods and sites as well as to

collector streets and arterial roadways.  The Russell County objectives for transportation are:

• To encourage the approval of plans that minimize through traffic in residential areas.

• To encourage the provision of limited access roads to serve residential areas, parks,

industrial, and commercial centers.

• To preserve productive agricultural areas within the County by requiring new highways to

be routed along existing rights-of-way. 

Public Water and Sewer Objectives

+ The county should continue to pursue the consolidation of these services into a single entity
so that everyone in the county pays the same rate for the service received.

+ The county should continue to work with adjoining jurisdictions to obtain potable water at
the most feasible price for its citizens.

+ The county should continue to implement the most economical alternatives for the provision
of water and sewer services as recommended in the 604 (b) study.

+ The county should restudy the recommendations for the provision of sewer services in the
604 (b) study and the Southwestern Virginia Regional Sewer study to determine if alternative
methods of sewage collection and treatment are more economically feasible.

Transportation Objectiv.

Transportation planning is vital to any community and should be an integral part of
countrywide comprehensive planning. The transportation system should seek to safely and
efficiently move people and goods within and through the county. The county also needs to address
the need to provide safe and convenient access to specific neighborhoods and sites as well as to
collector streets and arterial roadways. The Russell County objectives for transportation are:

+ To encourage the approval of plans that minimize through traffic in residential areas.

+ To encourage the provision of limited access roads to serve residential areas, parks,
industrial, and commercial centers.

+ To preserve productive agricultural areas within the County by requiring new highways to

be routed along existing rights-of-way.

VII- 11




VIII - 12

• To anticipate where obvious the need to widen highways and require the building line (set

back) be established accordingly.

• To require that subdivisions be designed in consideration of existing and future street

alignments.

Historic Preservation Objectives

The preservation of historic sites and structures is an important and in some cases vital to a

county’s development.  Sites and structures of historic importance are ignored and lost as a county

develops.  This plan deems the preservation of historic and archaeological sites to be important and

recommends the following objectives:

• To encourage the preservation of all sites of historic and/or archaeological significance.

• To encourage and promote a continuation of the identification and cataloging of known

historic and archaeologic sites for preservation and restoration consistent with the Virginia

Department of Historic Resources guidelines.

• To encourage and promote the active use of historically important sites.

+ To anticipate where obvious the need to widen highways and require the building line (set
back) be established accordingly.
+ To require that subdivisions be designed in consideration of existing and future street
alignments.
Historic Preservation Objective
The preservation of historic sites and structures is an important and in some cases vital to a
county’s development. Sites and structures of historic importance are ignored and lost as a county
develops. This plan deems the preservation of historic and archaeological sites to be important and
recommends the following objectives:
+ To encourage the preservation of all sites of historic and/or archaeological significance.
+ To encourage and promote a continuation of the identification and cataloging of known

historic and archaeologi

sites for preservation and restoration consistent with the Virginia
Department of Historic Resources guidelines.

+ To encourage and promote the active use of historically important sites.

VIII 12




IX - 1

CHAPTER IX

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Introduction

This chapter should be recognized as the Comprehensive Development Plan (Plan) for

Russell County.  The recommendations contained herein have been developed from the review of

previous studies conducted in the County and from information developed while preparing this

document.

The intent of the Plan is that it be used as a guide by builders, developers, and decision-

makers in the County and State regarding the future development of Russell County.  It is a blend

of market trends, land suitability, and the ability of the County to provide basic community services.

This Plan should guide development decisions that promote and enhance orderly growth and the

efficient delivery of services.

B. Findings

Russell County has been recovering the past 25 years from the demise of employment in the

coal industry and agriculture.  The economic base is being rebuilt through a continuing emphasis on

infrastructure (water, sewer, roads, natural gas, fiberoptics), regional partnerships, and the expansion

of jobs in the services sector of employment.

The completion of the four-laning of U. S. 19 and  U. S. Alt. 58 has had a tremendous impact

on the County’s economy.  The completion of the four-laning of U. S. 460 through Buchanan County

and the connections of U. S. 19 to the east with I-77, to the south with I-81, and U. S. Alt. 58 to the

north with I-26 (via U. S. 23) provides transportation connections not to be overlooked as the County

CHAPTER IX

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

AL Introduction

This chapter should be recognized as the Comprehensive Development Plan (Plan) for
Russell County. The recommendations contained herein have been developed from the review of
previous studies conducted in the County and from information developed while preparing this
document.

The intent of the Plan is that it be used as a guide by builders, developers, and decision
makers in the County and State regarding the future development of Russell County. It is a blend
ofmarket trends, land suitability, and the ability of the County to provide basic community services.
This Plan should guide development decisions that promote and enhance orderly growth and the
efficient delivery of services.

B. Findings

Russell County has been recovering the past 25 years from the demise of employment in the
coal industry and agriculture. The economic base is being rebuilt through a continuing emphasis on
infrastructure (water, sewer, roads, natural gas, fiberoptics), regional partnerships, and the expansion
of jobs in the services sector of employment.

‘The completion of the four-laning of U. S. 19 and U. S. Alt. 58 has had a tremendous impact
‘onthe County’s economy. The completion of the four-laning of U. S. 460 through Buchanan County
and the connections of U. S. 19 to the east with I-77, to the south with I-81, and U, S. Alt. 58 to the

north with I-26 (via U. S. 23) provides transportation connections not to be overlooked as the County

IX-1




IX - 2

plans for its economic future.

When the County removes from intense development  land with 20 percent and greater slope,

land with karst topography, land with permitted coal mines and permitted natural gas well sites,  it

becomes very important for the County to look at its remaining land as a valuable resource necessary

to be managed for the use of future generations.

The County also needs to be concerned about the future of the AEP coal-fired power plant

located in the Carbo community between the Town of Cleveland and the Town of St. Paul in

neighboring Wise County, Virginia.  The concern is the age of the structure and its economic

viability in today’s regulatory environment.

An encouraging sign are the stimulants for development that are on the horizon in the

County.  These are the interest in the County to develop its tourism potential; the construction of the

fiber-optic backbone through the County; and the consolidation of water and sewer providers in the

County into one entity.

The County has the potential for a bright future; however, to achieve its potential the County

must continue to be proactive in its decision-making while cognizant of the impacts on future events.

The recommendations contained herein are intended for that purpose.

C. Population

A full discussion of population dynamics will be forthcoming when the 2010 Census

information is available.  However, the recommendations contained in this Plan are pro-growth and

their implementation will lead to modest growth over the next twenty years.

The growth in population in the County is dependant upon continuing growth in the services

sector of employment, continuing to replace those jobs lost in the manufacturing sector, continuing

plans for its economic future.

When the County removes from intense development land with 20 percent and greater slope,
land with karst topography, land with permitted coal mines and permitted natural gas well sites, it
becomes very important for the County to look at its remaining land as a valuable resource necessary
to be managed for the use of future generations.

The County also needs to be concerned about the future of the AEP coal-fired power plant
located in the Carbo community between the Town of Cleveland and the Town of St. Paul in
neighboring Wise County, Virginia. The concern is the age of the structure and its economic
viability in today’s regulatory environment.

An encouraging sign are the stimulants for development that are on the horizon in the
County. These are the interest in the County to develop its tourism potential; the construction of the
fiber-optic backbone through the County; and the consolidation of water and sewer providers in the
County into one entity.

The County has the potential fora bright future; however, to achieve its potential the County
must continue to be proactive in its decision-making while cognizant of the impacts on future events.
‘The recommendations contained herein are intended for that purpose.

C. Population

A full discussion of population dynamics will be forthcoming when the 2010 Census
information is available. However, the recommendations contained in this Plan are pro-growth and
their implementation will lead to modest growth over the next twenty years.

The growth in population in the County is dependant upon continuing growth in the services

sector of employment, continuing to replace those jobs lost in the manufacturing sector, continuing

IX-2




IX - 3

to add jobs in the technology sector, and attracting former residents and retirees to move into the

County.

Where the people will live in the County is dependent upon the implementation of some of

the recommendations contained in this Plan.  In the near term people will continue to locate

randomly along the U. S. 19 corridor from Hansonville to the Tazewell County line, and in or

adjacent to the Town of Lebanon.  A major reason for that is the amount of land already subdivided

but vacant along this corridor.  In the long term, growth should occur in Rosedale, Hansonville,

Castlewood and Lebanon.  Redevelopment will have to take place in Honaker and Cleveland before

these two towns will see the impact of growth.

D. Land-Use 

The following are logical extensions of the goals and objectives as stated in the previous

Chapter.  The County should look at the Hansonville area as a special opportunity zone for business

and industry.  The same holds true for Rosedale except that a lot of development (some vacant and

some dilapidated) has taken place in Rosedale.  A full complement of services (water, sewer, natural

gas and  fiber-optics broadband) should be provided for these areas.  In addition, the corridor from

Whites Quarry to the Town of St. Paul along U.S. Alt. 58 should be given special attention because

it is in a karst area.  Water services and fiber-optic broadband are already in place but sewer and

natural gas should be provided as soon as practical.

A significant land-use problem in the County is the abundance of junk yards.  They are

everywhere - in residential developments, on farms, in towns, adjacent to streams, and along the road

rights-of-way.  The next significant land-use issue is that of abandoned and/or dilapidated mobile

homes, and a final significant land-use issue is the number of residential developments on sub-

to add jobs in the technology sector, and attracting former residents and retirees to move into the
County.

Where the people will live in the County is dependent upon the implementation of some of
the recommendations contained in this Plan, In the near term people will continue to locate
randomly along the U. S. 19 corridor from Hansonville to the Tazewell County line, and in or
adjacent to the Town of Lebanon. A major reason for that is the amount of land already subdivided
but vacant along this corridor. In the long term, growth should occur in Rosedale, Hansonville,
Castlewood and Lebanon. Redevelopment will have to take place in Honaker and Cleveland before
these two towns will see the impact of growth.

D. Land-Use

The following are logical extensions of the goals and objectives as stated in the previous
Chapter. The County should look at the Hansonville area as a special opportunity zone for business
and industry. ‘The same holds true for Rosedale except that a lot of development (some vacant and
some dilapidated) has taken place in Rosedale. A full complement of services (water, sewer, natural
gas and fiber-optics broadband) should be provided for these areas. In addition, the corridor from
Whites Quarry to the Town of St. Paul along U.S. Alt. 58 should be given special attention because
it is in a karst area. Water services and fiber-optic broadband are already in place but sewer and

natural gas should be provided as soon as practical.

A significant land-use problem in the County is the abundance of junk yards. They are
everywhere - in residential developments, on farms, in towns, adjacent to streams, and along the road
rights-of-way. The next significant land-use issue is that of abandoned and/or dilapidated mobile

homes, and a final significant land-use issue is the number of residential developments on sub-

IX-3




IX - 4

standard privately maintained roads.  

                             

              

Some of these issues can be addressed by the adoption of a Zoning Ordinance and revision of

the County’s Subdivision Ordinance.  Others can be addressed by the establishment of a program to

clean up non-commercial junk yards and abandoned mobile homes.  The County should use the VDOT

Rural Additions Program where possible to bring substandard subdivision streets up to standard.

                                 

standard privately maintained roads.

Some of these issues can be addressed by the adoption of a Zoning Ordinance and revision of
the County’s Subdivision Ordinance. Others can be addressed by the establishment of a program to
clean up non-commercial junk yards and abandoned mobile homes. The County should use the VDOT

Rural Additions Program where possible to bring substandard subdivision streets up to standard.

Ix-4




IX - 5

Specifically, this Plan recommends the preparation and adoption of a County-wide Zoning

Ordinance; the modification of the County’s recycling program to include inoperable vehicles,

abandoned mobile homes, school buses, trucks, and other abandoned machinery; and an amendment

to the County Subdivision Ordinance to allow subdivisions of land where a new street or road is

involved, only when provisions have been made for the construction and maintenance of safe road and

street travel.

The County has a significant amount of land that is already in ownership of  the Nature

Conservancy to protect the ecosystem adjacent to the Clinch River.  The County should encourage the

use of the Land Trust and Conservation easement programs to protect the Clinch River Watershed, the

Big Mocassin Creek Watershed  as well as the Big Cedar Creek Watershed.  These programs will

allow the land to stay in private ownership while protecting a valuable asset of the County.

Specifically, this Plan recommends the preparation and adoption of a County-wide Zoning
Ordinance; the modification of the County’s recycling program to include inoperable vehicles,
abandoned mobile homes, school buses, trucks, and other abandoned machinery; and an amendment
to the County Subdivision Ordinance to allow subdivisions of land where a new street or road is
involved, only when provisions have been made for the construction and maintenance of safe road and
street travel.

‘The County has a significant amount of land that is already in ownership of the Nature
Conservancy to protect the ecosystem adjacent to the Clinch River. The County should encourage the
use of the Land Trust and Conservation easement programs to protect the Clinch River Watershed, the
Big Mocassin Creek Watershed as well as the Big Cedar Creek Watershed. These programs will

allow the land to stay in private ownership while protecting a valuable asset of the County.

IX-5




IX - 6

E. Commercial

Russell County has been undergoing a transition from a manufacturing and mining based

economy to an economy that is more diversified.  This transition will include an economy based on

manufacturing, agriculture, technology, mining, services, and tourism.  In order to continue this

economic movement the County needs to accomplish the following:

• Continue to work with the Towns of Cleveland, Honaker, and Lebanon and neighboring

Counties to secure a cost effective supply of potable water;

• Continue to work toward a uniform water and sewer rate for all Russell County residents;

• Review (Russell County Public Service Authority) of The Southwest Virginia Regional

Wastewater Study to determine if some of the recommendations relative to Russell County

might be more cost effectively served with alternative technology sewer systems;

• The County should continue to participate with the Arrowhead Authority  to identify multi-use

trails in the county for inclusion in their proposed development;

• Continue to support the efforts of the Towns of Honaker, Lebanon and Cleveland to revitalize

their business districts;

• Continue to support the efforts by Members of the Virginia General Assembly to acquire

property and establish a State Park in the vicinity of the Town of Cleveland; 

• Seek funding for the development of a Russell County Telecommunication Plan.  Such a plan

would establish policy for the provision of fiber-optic and wireless broadband services

throughout the County; 

• The County should then be an active participant in seeking funding for the construction of the

telecommunication network identified in the Telecommunication Plan;

E. Commercial
Russell County has been undergoing a transition from a manufacturing and mining based

economy to an economy that is more diversified, This transition will include an economy based on

manufacturing, agriculture, technology, mining, services, and tourism. In order to continue this
economic movement the County needs to accomplish the following:

+ Continue to work with the Towns of Cleveland, Honaker, and Lebanon and neighboring
Counties to secure a cost effective supply of potable water;

+ Continue to work toward a uniform water and sewer rate for all Russell County residents;

+ Review (Russell County Public Service Authority) of The Southwest Virginia Regional
Wastewater Study to determine if some of the recommendations relative to Russell County
might be more cost effectively served with alternative technology sewer systems;

+ The County should continue to participate with the Arrowhead Authority to identify multi-use
trails in the county for inclusion in their proposed development;

+ Continue to support the efforts of the Towns of Honaker, Lebanon and Cleveland to revitalize
their business districts;

+ Continue to support the efforts by Members of the Virginia General Assembly to acquire
property and establish a State Park in the vicinity of the Town of Cleveland;

+ Seek funding for the development ofa Russell County Telecommunication Plan, Such a plan
would establish policy for the provision of fiber-optic and wireless broadband services
throughout the County;

+ The County should then be an active participant in seeking funding for the construction of the

telecommunication network identified in the Telecommunication Plan;

IX-6




IX - 7

• The County (Board of Supervisors) should continue to support efforts to establish a Wellness

Center for the benefit of all Russell County citizens;

• The County (Board of Supervisors; Industrial Development Authority) should encourage a

feasibility study for the distribution of natural gas to the special opportunity areas identified

in this plan;

• The County should work with the Regional Housing Authority to determine if redevelopment

zones are viable for the county;

F. Industrial

Manufacturing has been and hopefully will continue to be an important part of the Russell

County economy into the future.  Most manufacturing operations remaining competitive in today’s

market place must do so with technological improvements.  The County has made tremendous

improvements in its ability to attract high-tech employment with the addition of CGI, Northrup

Grumman, AT & T and the establishment of the Southwest Virginia Technology Development Center

at the new Russell County Governmental Center.

The following actions are recommended for the County to maintain its momentum of Industrial

Growth:

• The County should continue to develop plans for a Wellness Center;

• The County (Industrial Development Authority) should continue to seek options on land for

future business and industrial development;

• The County should work with the Towns of Honaker and Cleveland to redevelop their

economic centers;

+ The County (Board of Supervisors) should continue to support efforts to establish a Wellness
Center for the benefit of all Russell County citizens;

+ The County (Board of Supervisors; Industrial Development Authority) should encourage a
feasibility study for the distribution of natural gas to the special opportunity areas identified
in this plan;

+ The County should work with the Regional Housing Authority to determine if redevelopment

zones are viable for the county;

F. Industrial

Manufacturing has been and hopefully will continue to be an important part of the Russell
County economy into the future. Most manufacturing operations remaining competitive in today’s
market place must do so with technological improvements. The County has made tremendous
improvements in its ability to attract high-tech employment with the addition of CGI, Northrup
Grumman, AT & T and the establishment of the Southwest Virginia Technology Development Center

at the new Russell County Governmental Center.

The following actions are recommended for the County to maintain its momentum of Industrial

Growth:
+ The County should continue to develop plans for a Wellness Center;
+ The County (Industrial Development Authority) should continue to seek options on land for

future business and industrial development;
. The County should work with the Towns of Honaker and Cleveland to redevelop their

economic centers;

IX-7




IX - 8

• The County should work to see that Hansonville, Rosedale, Belfast Mills and Castlewood are

all provided with water, sewer, natural gas, fiber-optic, and safe access so they can develop as

future economic centers;

• The County (Board of Supervisors; Industrial Development Authority) should look at the

possibilities available under the Virginia Industrial Facilities Authority Act to purchase and

develop land for future industrial or business use;

• The County should encourage the Industrial Development Authority to study the viability of

redevelopment zones for the County;

• The County should seek to locate industries that manufacture equipment needed for the

production of energy conservation products;

• The County should encourage the location and/or expansion of food processing companies into

the area.;

• The County should work with VDOT to examine the feasibility of extending Route 82 from

Cleveland through Carbo to the intersection with Route 63 at Hamlin.

G. Residential

A complete analysis of housing in Russell County will be completed when the 2010 Census

information is available.  The recommendations contained herein are based on the information

generated during the 2009 survey of structural conditions conducted by the consultants to the Planning

Commission.  The following actions are recommended by the County to deal with the housing issues

identified.

• The County should continue to support efforts by all the towns to rehabilitate substandard

homes for those who are income eligible;

‘The County should work to see that Hansonville, Rosedale, Belfast Mills and Castlewood are
all provided with water, sewer, natural gas, fiber-optic, and safe access so they can develop as
future economic centers;

The County (Board of Supervisors; Industrial Development Authority) should look at the
possibilities available under the Virginia Industrial Facilities Authority Act to purchase and
develop land for future industrial or business use:

‘The County should encourage the Industrial Development Authority to study the viability of
redevelopment zones for the County;

The County should seek to locate industries that manufacture equipment needed for the
production of energy conservation products;

The County should encourage the location and/or expansion of food processing companies into
the area.;

‘The County should work with VDOT to examine the feasibility of extending Route 82 from
Cleveland through Carbo to the intersection with Route 63 at Hamlin.

Residential

A complete analysis of housing in Russell County will be completed when the 2010 Census

information is available. The recommendations contained herein are based on the information

generated during the 2009 survey of structural conditions conducted by the consultants to the Planning

Commission. The following actions are recommended by the County to deal with the housing issues

identified.

The County should continue to support efforts by all the towns to rehabilitate substandard

homes for those who are income eligible;

IX-8




IX - 9

• The County should continue to support programs by the State and Federal government that

address the housing issues (energy and safety) of low and moderate income residents.

• The County should adopt a policy of always having a neighborhood housing rehabilitation

project being either implemented or being studied;

• The County should continue to recruit business and industry that pay more than the minimum

wage;

• The County should continue to support the

program to extend water lines to low and

moderate income neighborhoods;

• The County should encourage a continuation

of the program to provide grant and loan

assistance for first time home buyers;

• The County should encourage the construction of housing units for the elderly as well as for

those with disabling conditions;

• The County has approved plats for the subdivision of land for approximately 26% more land

than has been developed.  Ideally, it is in the County’s best interest that any land subdivided

for residential use be developed within three (3) years of approval;

• The County has much land in subdivisions with privately maintained streets that are unsafe for

fire and rescue vehicles to travel.  The County needs to determine the number of miles of

privately maintained unpaved streets that exist in the County (with assistance from the

‘The County should continue to support programs by the State and Federal government that
address the housing issues (energy and safety) of low and moderate income residents.

The County should adopt a policy of always having a neighborhood housing rehabilitation
project being either implemented or being studied;

The County should continue to recruit business and industry that pay more than the minimum
wage:

The County should continue to support the
program to extend water lines to low and
moderate income neighborhoods;

The County should encourage a continuation
of the program to provide grant and loan

assistance for first time home buyers;

The County should encourage the construction of housing units for the elderly as well as for
those with disabling conditions;

The County has approved plats for the subdivision of land for approximately 26% more land
than has been developed. Ideally, it is in the County's best interest that any land subdivided
for residential use be developed within three (3) years of approval:

The County has much land in subdivisions with privately maintained streets that are unsafe for
fire and rescue vehicles to travel. The County needs to determine the number of miles of

privately maintained unpaved streets that exist in the County (with assistance from the

Ix-9




IX - 10

Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission), and should then develop a plan to bring

them up to VDOT standards or that are safe for emergency vehicles;

• The County should request that the Cumberland Plateau Regional Housing Authority conduct

a Housing Study to determine the housing needs for Russell County (and other members of the

Housing Authority) for the next twenty (20) years;

• The County should encourage the Regional Housing Authority to adopt an affordable dwelling

unit policy;

H. Transportation

Transportation has been the single most important factor in the development of Russell County

in the past, and that importance will continue into the future.   In the past, the construction of railroads

made it possible to export coal, timber, and cattle from the County.  Currently, improvements to U.S.

Alt. 58 and U.S. 19 have made it possible for people and commerce to move in and through the County

in unprecedented ways.  The following actions are recommended to keep the County up-to-date with

transportation issues:

• The County should work with County neighbors to get State Route 91 paved and improved

from Midway in Tazewell County to Broadford in Smyth County.  It should be noted that

Route 91 is the only unpaved primary road in Virginia;  

• The County should seek funding for improving the access to the quarry located adjacent to Big

Mocassin Creek in the western end of the county;

• The County should prioritize funding for paving the road to the solid waste transfer station;

Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission), and should then develop a plan to bring
them up to VDOT standards or that are safe for emergency vehicles;

The County should request that the Cumberland Plateau Regional Housing Authority conduct
a Housing Study to determine the housing needs for Russell County (and other members of the
Housing Authority) for the next twenty (20) years;

The County should encourage the Regional Housing Authority to adopt an affordable dwelling

unit policy;

‘Transportation

Transportation has been the single most important factor in the development of Russell County

in the past, and that importance will continue into the future. In the past, the construction of railroads

made it possible to export coal, timber, and cattle from the County. Currently, improvements to U.S.

Alt. 58 and U.S. 19 have made it possible for people and commerce to move in and through the County

in unprecedented ways. The following actions are recommended to keep the County up-to-date with

transportation issues:

The County should work with County neighbors to get State Route 91 paved and improved
from Midway in Tazewell County to Broadford in Smyth County. It should be noted that
Route 91 is the only unpaved primary road in Virginia;

The County should seek funding for improving the access to the quarry located adjacent to Big
Mocassin Creek in the western end of the county;

The County should prioritize funding for paving the road to the solid waste transfer station;

IX-10




IX - 11

• The County should work with Smyth and Washington Counties to get State Route 80 improved

from U. S. 19 south to the top of Clinch Mountain;

• The County should continue to seek funding to four-lane Rt. 80 from Rosedale to Honaker;

• The County should continue to work with the Four County Transit Authority to provide

transportation services for work, college, medical care, and shopping;

• The County should request the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission to conduct

a study of the unpaved subdivision streets in Russell County, and develop a set of alternatives

for solving the problems identified, including the costs;

‘The County should work with Smyth and Washington Counties to get State Route 80 improved
from U. S. 19 south to the top of Clinch Mountain;

The County should continue to seek funding to four-lane Rt. 80 from Rosedale to Honaker;
‘The County should continue to work with the Four County Transit Authority to provide
transportation services for work, college, medical care, and shopping:

The County should request the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission to conduct
a study of the unpaved subdivision streets in Russell County, and develop a set of alternatives

for solving the problems identified, including the costs;

IX-1l




IX - 12





IX - 13

• The County should encourage and support the preparation of development plans for the 

special opportunity areas;

• The County should work with Buchanan County to gain support for improvements to State

Route 80 that will include bike lanes on each side of the highway for access to the Breaks

Interstate Park;

• The County should continue to work with and support the Arrowhead Authority currently

seeking to build a multi-use trail system from Cumberland Gap to the West Virginia state line;

• The County should work with Tazewell and Washington Counties to encourage improvements

to the General Aviation Airports in each County, including upgrading them to All- Weather

status with at least a 5,000 foot runway;

• The County should work with VDOT to examine the feasibility of designating secondary Route

615 to primary Route 82 from the Town of Cleveland to the intersection with State Route 63

at Hamlin.

• Alternate Rt. 58 is one of eleven(11) corridors of statewide significance in the Commonwealth,

if managed properly by Russell County it will be an economic asset.  If allowed to develop as

a “mainstreet” that investment will become a liability to the county and state.                       

                                      

The County should encourage and support the preparation of development plans for the
special opportunity areas;

The County should work with Buchanan County to gain support for improvements to State
Route 80 that will include bike lanes on each side of the highway for access to the Breaks
Interstate Park;

The County should continue to work with and support the Arrowhead Authority currently
seeking to build a multi-use trail system from Cumberland Gap to the West Virginia state line;
The County should work with Tazewell and Washington Counties to encourage improvements
to the General Aviation Airports in each County, including upgrading them to All- Weather
status with at least a 5,000 foot runway;

The County should work with VDOT to examine the feasibility of designating secondary Route
615 to primary Route 82 from the Town of Cleveland to the intersection with State Route 63
at Hamlin.

Alternate Rt. 58 is one of eleven( 1) corridors of statewide significance in the Commonwealth,
if managed properly by Russell County it will be an economic asset. If allowed to develop as

a “mainstreet” that investment will become a liability to the county and state.

IX-13




IX - 14

I. Public Facilities

Capital expenditures are an important part of any governmental operation as is the

efficient and cost effective delivery of essential services.  The degree to which a local government

applies itself to service delivery and the effective maintenance of equipment and structures will define

that local government.  It will become a reflection of that government in the larger community.  The

recommendations contained in this Plan are intended to prepare Russell County to compete for jobs and

to compare favorably with any County in Virginia on quality of life issues.

• The County should continue preparing a plan and a program for wellness services in the County;

• The County should continue to encourage its legislative delegation to purchase the land

necessary to establish a State Park in the vicinity of the Town of Cleveland;

• The County should encourage the Towns of Cleveland and Honaker to pursue funding for

redevelopment of their business districts;

• The County should pursue funding of a Telecommunications Plan for the provision of fiber-

optic high speed broadband services throughout the entire County.  The Telecommunications

Plan should also include universal access;

• The County should work with Wise County to improve library services for Castlewood and

Dante and continue to improve the facilities in the Town of Cleveland;.

• The County should continue to implement the recommendations in the 604(b) study for the

provision of potable water throughout the County;.

• The County should continue to work with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources for

recognition on the National Register of Historic Places cataloged in the Russell County survey;

1 Public Fa

Capital expenditures are an important part of any governmental operation as is the
efficient and cost effective delivery of essential services. The degree to which a local government
applies itself to service delivery and the effective maintenance of equipment and structures will define
that local government. It will become a reflection of that government in the larger community. The
recommendations contained in this Plan are intended to prepare Russell County to compete for jobs and

to compare favorably with any County in Virginia on quality of life issues,

+ TheCounty should continue preparing a plan and a program for wellness services in the County;

+ The County should continue to encourage its legislative delegation to purchase the land
necessary to establish a State Park in the vicinity of the Town of Cleveland;

+ The County should encourage the Towns of Cleveland and Honaker to pursue funding for
redevelopment of their business districts:

+ The County should pursue funding of a Telecommunications Plan for the provision of fiber-
optic high speed broadband services throughout the entire County. The Telecommunications
Plan should also include universal access;

+ The County should work with Wise County to improve library services for Castlewood and
Dante and continue to improve the facilities in the Town of Cleveland;

+ The County should continue to implement the recommendations in the 604(b) study for the
provision of potable water throughout the County;.

+ The County should continue to work with the Virginia Department of Historic Resources for

recognition on the National Register of Historic Places cataloged in the Russell County survey;

IX-14




IX - 15

• The County should request the School Board to develop a plan for construction of a walking

path around the periphery of the properties at Castlewood High School and Honaker Elementary

School;

• The County should update its plan for the provision of Fire and Rescue services to determine

if they are adequately funded with equipment and staff;

• The County should request that the Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens prepare a feasibility

study for the provision of elder care services in the County;

• The Russell County School Board should continue conversations with the Wise County School

Board to investigate cooperative educational opportunities and a possible partnership between

the Castlewood and St. Paul school systems, including the corresponding financial impacts;

• The County should complete the installation of an Information Technology (IT) division that

will include internet access to the Geographic Information System (GIS) services for the three

towns, and for the constitutional offices;

• The County should incorporate into this Plan the recommendations for Russell County

contained in the Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan for future consideration.

• The County should review all previous studies for the provision of wastewater services  in the

County to determine where alternative sewer technologies might be more cost-effective and

feasible;

• The County should appoint a committee to take a look at the need and desirability for the

Purchase of Development Rights program for the preservation of Agricultural and Forest Land;.

• The County should encourage the Towns of Cleveland and Honaker to seek part-time town

manager assistance either through the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission or the

‘The County should request the School Board to develop a plan for construction of a walking
path around the periphery of the properties at Castlewood High School and Honaker Elementary
School:

‘The County should update its plan for the provision of Fire and Rescue services to determine
if they are adequately funded with equipment and staff;

The County should request that the Appalachian Agency for Senior Citizens prepare a feasibility
study for the provision of elder care services in the County;

The Russell County School Board should continue conversations with the Wise County School
Board to investigate cooperative educational opportunities and a possible partnership between

the Castlewood and St. Paul school systems, including the corresponding financial impacts;

The County should complete the installation of an Information Technology (IT) division that
will include internet access to the Geographic Information System (GIS) services for the three
towns, and for the constitutional offices;

The County should incorporate into this Plan the recommendations for Russell County

contained in the Regional Hazard Mitigation Plan for future consideration.

‘The County should review all previous studies for the provision of wastewater services in the
County to determine where alternative sewer technologies might be more cost-effective and
feasible;

‘The County should appoint a committee to take a look at the need and desirability for the

Purchase of Development Rights program for the preservation of Agricultural and Forest Lani

The County should encourage the Towns of Cleveland and Honaker to seek part-time town

manager assistance either through the Cumberland Plateau Planning District Commission or the

IX-15




IX - 16

private sector;

• The County should encourage the Planning Commission to prepare a Capital Improvement

Program for consideration by the Board of Supervisors;

• The County should continue its efforts to bring the animal shelter into compliance with state

standards;

• The County should actively support the formation of a voluntary organization to aid in the

humane treatment of captured animals;

• The County should use the creation of the Wellness Center as a stimulant to establish a

countywide recreation program;

 

private sector;

The County should encourage the Planning Commission to prepare a Capital Improvement
Program for consideration by the Board of Supervisors;

‘The County should continue its efforts to bring the animal shelter into compliance with state
standards;

The County should actively support the formation of a voluntary organization to aid in the
humane treatment of captured animals;

The County should use the creation of the Wellness Center as a stimulant to establish a

countywide recreation program;

IX-16




IX - 17

Russell County, Virginia
Comprehensive Development
Plan Future Landuse Map

Legend
[| Aanutture

‘Conservation and Recreation
Natural Resource
Residential

[2 special Opportunity

Cumbertand Pisiom 4A AI>€ILZgA

1 inch = 3 mites





IX - 18

Russell County, Virginia Comprehensive Development Plan -@-
Town of Honaker - Future Landuse Map





IX - 19

anucaNOT
PET

i
Hy
i

g